网络编程基础

一、socket

socket简介：

Socket又称"套接字"，应用程序通常通过"套接字"向网络发出请求或者应答网络请求。

socket本质上就是在2台网络互通的电脑之间，架设一个通道，两台电脑通过这个通道来实现数据的互相传递。 我们知道网络 通信 都 是基于 ip+port 方能定位到目标的具体机器上的具体服务，操作系统有0-65535个端口，每个端口都可以独立对外提供服务，如果 把一个公司比做一台电脑 ，那公司的总机号码就相当于ip地址， 每个员工的分机号就相当于端口， 你想找公司某个人，必须 先打电话到总机，然后再转分机 。

建立一个socket必须至少有2端， 一个服务端，一个客户端， 服务端被动等待并接收请求，客户端主动发起请求， 连接建立之后，双方可以互发数据。 

python提供两个socket模块：

1.socket：提供了标准的 BSD Sockets API。

2. socketserver：它提供了服务器中心类，可以简化网络服务器的开发。

socket通讯过程：

socket模块使用：

socket对象：

sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM,0)

参数一：地址簇

参数	描述
socket.AF_INET	IPv4（默认）
socket.AF_INET6	IPv6
socket.AF_UNIX	只能够用于单一的Unix系统进程间通信

参数二：类型

参数	描述
socket.SOCK_STREAM	流式socket , for TCP （默认）
socket.SOCK_DGRAM	数据报式socket , for UDP
socket.SOCK_RAW	原始套接字，普通的套接字无法处理ICMP、IGMP等网络报文，而SOCK_RAW可以；其次，SOCK_RAW也可以处理特殊的IPv4报文；此外，利用原始套接字，可以通过IP_HDRINCL套接字选项由用户构造IP头。
socket.SOCK_RDM	是一种可靠的UDP形式，即保证交付数据报但不保证顺序。SOCK_RAM用来提供对原始协议的低级访问，在需要执行某些特殊操作时使用，如发送ICMP报文。SOCK_RAM通常仅限于高级用户或管理员运行的程序使用。
socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET	可靠的连续数据包服务

参数三：协议

参数	描述
0	（默认）与特定的地址家族相关的协议,如果是 0 ，则系统就会根据地址格式和套接类别,自动选择一个合适的协议

socket中基本方法

方法	描述
s.bind(address)	将套接字绑定到地址。address地址的格式取决于地址族。在AF_INET下，以元组（host,port）的形式表示地址。
sk.listen(backlog)	开始监听传入连接。backlog指定在拒绝连接之前，可以挂起的最大连接数量。
sk.setblocking(bool)	是否阻塞（默认True），如果设置False，那么accept和recv时一旦无数据，则报错。
sk.accept()	接受连接并返回（conn,address）,其中conn是新的套接字对象，可以用来接收和发送数据。address是连接客户端的地址。
sk.connect(address)	连接到address处的套接字。一般，address的格式为元组（hostname,port）,如果连接出错，返回socket.error错误。
sk.connect_ex(address)	同上，只不过会有返回值，连接成功时返回 0 ，连接失败时候返回编码，例如：10061
sk.close()	关闭套接字连接
sk.recv(bufsize[,flag])	接受套接字的数据。数据以字符串形式返回，bufsize指定最多可以接收的数量。flag提供有关消息的其他信息，通常可以忽略。
sk.recvfrom(bufsize[.flag])	与recv()类似，但返回值是（data,address）。其中data是包含接收数据的字符串，address是发送数据的套接字地址。
sk.send(string[,flag])	将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字。返回值是要发送的字节数量，该数量可能小于string的字节大小。即：可能未将指定内容全部发送。
sk.sendall(string[,flag])	将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字，但在返回之前会尝试发送所有数据。成功返回None，失败则抛出异常。内部通过递归调用send，将所有内容发送出去。
sk.sendto(string[,flag],address)	将数据发送到套接字，address是形式为（ipaddr，port）的元组，指定远程地址。返回值是发送的字节数。该函数主要用于UDP协议。
sk.settimeout(timeout)	设置套接字操作的超时期，timeout是一个浮点数，单位是秒。值为None表示没有超时期。
sk.getpeername()	返回连接套接字的远程地址。返回值通常是元组（ipaddr,port）。
sk.getsockname()	返回套接字自己的地址。通常是一个元组(ipaddr,port)
sk.fileno()	套接字的文件描述符

简单socket通讯demo：

server端：

#!/usr/bin/env python3
#_*_ coding:utf-8 _*_
#Author:wd
import socket
server=socket.socket()#生成socket实例
server.bind(('127.0.0.1',6666))#绑定地址
server.listen(5)#设置支持连接个数
while True:#一次层循环用户等待客户端连接
    print('等待客户端连接.....')
    con,addr=server.accept()
    while True:#第二层循环用于和客户端交互
        data=con.recv(1024)
        if data:
            con.send(data)
        else:
            con.close()
            print('客户端已经断开连接.....')
            break

client端：

#!/usr/bin/env python3
#_*_ coding:utf-8 _*_
#Author:wd
import json
import socket
client=socket.socket()#生成socket实例
client.connect(('127.0.0.1',6666))#连接服务器
while True:#while循环用于和客户端一直交互
    data=input('>>>').strip()
    if len(data)==0:
        continue
    else:
        data=json.dumps(data)
        client.send(data.encode())#python3数据传输为bytes类型需要encode
        recv_data=client.recv(1024)
        if len(recv_data)==0:
            print('没有数据！')
            continue
        else:print(data)

2.socketserver 

为了简化socket的开发，socketserver提供了多种socket服务器模块，关系如下：

+------------+
| BaseServer |
+------------+
      |
      v
+-----------+        +------------------+
| TCPServer |------->| UnixStreamServer |
+-----------+        +------------------+
      |
      v
+-----------+        +--------------------+
| UDPServer |------->| UnixDatagramServer |
+-----------+        +--------------------+

SocketServer内部使用IO多路复用、以及 “多线程” 和 “多进程”（后续篇章会提到），从而实现并发处理多个客户端请求的Socket服务端。即：每个客户端请求连接到服务器时，Socket服务端都会在服务器是创建一个“线程”或者“进程” 专门负责处理当前客户端的所有请求。

1.ThreadingTCPServer介绍：

ThreadingTCPServer是socketserver中最常用的模块，它是多线程，并且支持多并发。

使用ThreadingTCPServer:

• 创建一个继承自 SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler 的类
• 类中必须定义一个名称为 handle 的方法，用于处理客户端的交互。
• 启动ThreadingTCPServer

一个简单的TreadingTCPServer例子如下：

import socketserver
class Ftp_server(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
    '''FTP server 主程序类定义'''
    def handle(self):#重写父类handle方法，处理客户端请求
        print("等待客户端连接....")
        while True:#进入循环和客户端交互
            try:
                self.data=self.request.recv(2048)
                if self.data:
                    data = json.loads(self.data.decode())
                    print(data)
                    if hasattr(self,data.get('action')):
                        fun=getattr(self,data.get('action'))
                        fun(data)
            else:break
server=socketserver.ThreadingTCPServer((settings.HOST,settings.PORT),Ftp_server)
server.serve_forever()#启动监听

TreadingTCPServer源码解析：

模块关系：

内部调用流程为：

• 启动服务端程序
• 执行 TCPServer.__init__ 方法，创建服务端Socket对象并绑定 IP 和 端口
• 执行 BaseServer.__init__ 方法，将自定义的继承自SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler 的类 MyRequestHandle赋值给self.RequestHandlerClass
• 执行 BaseServer.server_forever 方法，While 循环一直监听是否有客户端请求到达 ...
• 当客户端连接到达服务器
• 执行 ThreadingMixIn.process_request 方法，创建一个 “线程” 用来处理请求
• 执行 ThreadingMixIn.process_request_thread 方法
• 执行 BaseServer.finish_request 方法，执行 self.RequestHandlerClass()  即：执行 自定义 MyRequestHandler 的构造方法（自动调用基类BaseRequestHandler的构造方法，在该构造方法中又会调用 MyRequestHandler的handle方法）

相关模块源码

class BaseServer:

    """Base class for server classes.

    Methods for the caller:

    - __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
    - serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
    - shutdown()
    - handle_request()  # if you do not use serve_forever()
    - fileno() -> int   # for select()

    Methods that may be overridden:

    - server_bind()
    - server_activate()
    - get_request() -> request, client_address
    - handle_timeout()
    - verify_request(request, client_address)
    - server_close()
    - process_request(request, client_address)
    - shutdown_request(request)
    - close_request(request)
    - handle_error()

    Methods for derived classes:

    - finish_request(request, client_address)

    Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
    instances:

    - timeout
    - address_family
    - socket_type
    - allow_reuse_address

    Instance variables:

    - RequestHandlerClass
    - socket

    """

    timeout = None

    def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass):
        """Constructor.  May be extended, do not override."""
        self.server_address = server_address
        self.RequestHandlerClass = RequestHandlerClass
        self.__is_shut_down = threading.Event()
        self.__shutdown_request = False

    def server_activate(self):
        """Called by constructor to activate the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        pass

    def serve_forever(self, poll_interval=0.5):
        """Handle one request at a time until shutdown.

        Polls for shutdown every poll_interval seconds. Ignores
        self.timeout. If you need to do periodic tasks, do them in
        another thread.
        """
        self.__is_shut_down.clear()
        try:
            while not self.__shutdown_request:
                # XXX: Consider using another file descriptor or
                # connecting to the socket to wake this up instead of
                # polling. Polling reduces our responsiveness to a
                # shutdown request and wastes cpu at all other times.
                r, w, e = _eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [],
                                       poll_interval)
                if self in r:
                    self._handle_request_noblock()
        finally:
            self.__shutdown_request = False
            self.__is_shut_down.set()

    def shutdown(self):
        """Stops the serve_forever loop.

        Blocks until the loop has finished. This must be called while
        serve_forever() is running in another thread, or it will
        deadlock.
        """
        self.__shutdown_request = True
        self.__is_shut_down.wait()

    # The distinction between handling, getting, processing and
    # finishing a request is fairly arbitrary.  Remember:
    #
    # - handle_request() is the top-level call.  It calls
    #   select, get_request(), verify_request() and process_request()
    # - get_request() is different for stream or datagram sockets
    # - process_request() is the place that may fork a new process
    #   or create a new thread to finish the request
    # - finish_request() instantiates the request handler class;
    #   this constructor will handle the request all by itself

    def handle_request(self):
        """Handle one request, possibly blocking.

        Respects self.timeout.
        """
        # Support people who used socket.settimeout() to escape
        # handle_request before self.timeout was available.
        timeout = self.socket.gettimeout()
        if timeout is None:
            timeout = self.timeout
        elif self.timeout is not None:
            timeout = min(timeout, self.timeout)
        fd_sets = _eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [], timeout)
        if not fd_sets[0]:
            self.handle_timeout()
            return
        self._handle_request_noblock()

    def _handle_request_noblock(self):
        """Handle one request, without blocking.

        I assume that select.select has returned that the socket is
        readable before this function was called, so there should be
        no risk of blocking in get_request().
        """
        try:
            request, client_address = self.get_request()
        except socket.error:
            return
        if self.verify_request(request, client_address):
            try:
                self.process_request(request, client_address)
            except:
                self.handle_error(request, client_address)
                self.shutdown_request(request)

    def handle_timeout(self):
        """Called if no new request arrives within self.timeout.

        Overridden by ForkingMixIn.
        """
        pass

    def verify_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Verify the request.  May be overridden.

        Return True if we should proceed with this request.

        """
        return True

    def process_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Call finish_request.

        Overridden by ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn.

        """
        self.finish_request(request, client_address)
        self.shutdown_request(request)

    def server_close(self):
        """Called to clean-up the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        pass

    def finish_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Finish one request by instantiating RequestHandlerClass."""
        self.RequestHandlerClass(request, client_address, self)

    def shutdown_request(self, request):
        """Called to shutdown and close an individual request."""
        self.close_request(request)

    def close_request(self, request):
        """Called to clean up an individual request."""
        pass

    def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
        """Handle an error gracefully.  May be overridden.

        The default is to print a traceback and continue.

        """
        print '-'*40
        print 'Exception happened during processing of request from',
        print client_address
        import traceback
        traceback.print_exc() # XXX But this goes to stderr!
        print '-'*40

class TCPServer(BaseServer):

    """Base class for various socket-based server classes.

    Defaults to synchronous IP stream (i.e., TCP).

    Methods for the caller:

    - __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
    - serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
    - shutdown()
    - handle_request()  # if you don't use serve_forever()
    - fileno() -> int   # for select()

    Methods that may be overridden:

    - server_bind()
    - server_activate()
    - get_request() -> request, client_address
    - handle_timeout()
    - verify_request(request, client_address)
    - process_request(request, client_address)
    - shutdown_request(request)
    - close_request(request)
    - handle_error()

    Methods for derived classes:

    - finish_request(request, client_address)

    Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
    instances:

    - timeout
    - address_family
    - socket_type
    - request_queue_size (only for stream sockets)
    - allow_reuse_address

    Instance variables:

    - server_address
    - RequestHandlerClass
    - socket

    """

    address_family = socket.AF_INET

    socket_type = socket.SOCK_STREAM

    request_queue_size = 5

    allow_reuse_address = False

    def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True):
        """Constructor.  May be extended, do not override."""
        BaseServer.__init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
        self.socket = socket.socket(self.address_family,
                                    self.socket_type)
        if bind_and_activate:
            try:
                self.server_bind()
                self.server_activate()
            except:
                self.server_close()
                raise

    def server_bind(self):
        """Called by constructor to bind the socket.

        May be overridden.

        """
        if self.allow_reuse_address:
            self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        self.socket.bind(self.server_address)
        self.server_address = self.socket.getsockname()

    def server_activate(self):
        """Called by constructor to activate the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        self.socket.listen(self.request_queue_size)

    def server_close(self):
        """Called to clean-up the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        self.socket.close()

    def fileno(self):
        """Return socket file number.

        Interface required by select().

        """
        return self.socket.fileno()

    def get_request(self):
        """Get the request and client address from the socket.

        May be overridden.

        """
        return self.socket.accept()

    def shutdown_request(self, request):
        """Called to shutdown and close an individual request."""
        try:
            #explicitly shutdown.  socket.close() merely releases
            #the socket and waits for GC to perform the actual close.
            request.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
        except socket.error:
            pass #some platforms may raise ENOTCONN here
        self.close_request(request)

    def close_request(self, request):
        """Called to clean up an individual request."""
        request.close()

TCPServer

class ThreadingMixIn:
    """Mix-in class to handle each request in a new thread."""

    # Decides how threads will act upon termination of the
    # main process
    daemon_threads = False

    def process_request_thread(self, request, client_address):
        """Same as in BaseServer but as a thread.

        In addition, exception handling is done here.

        """
        try:
            self.finish_request(request, client_address)
            self.shutdown_request(request)
        except:
            self.handle_error(request, client_address)
            self.shutdown_request(request)

    def process_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Start a new thread to process the request."""
        t = threading.Thread(target = self.process_request_thread,
                             args = (request, client_address))
        t.daemon = self.daemon_threads
        t.start()

ThreadingMixIn

class ThreadingTCPServer(ThreadingMixIn, TCPServer): pass

class BaseRequestHandler:

    """Base class for request handler classes.

    This class is instantiated for each request to be handled.  The
    constructor sets the instance variables request, client_address
    and server, and then calls the handle() method.  To implement a
    specific service, all you need to do is to derive a class which
    defines a handle() method.

    The handle() method can find the request as self.request, the
    client address as self.client_address, and the server (in case it
    needs access to per-server information) as self.server.  Since a
    separate instance is created for each request, the handle() method
    can define arbitrary other instance variariables.

    """

    def __init__(self, request, client_address, server):
        self.request = request
        self.client_address = client_address
        self.server = server
        self.setup()
        try:
            self.handle()
        finally:
            self.finish()

    def setup(self):
        pass

    def handle(self):
        pass

    def finish(self):
        pass

SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler

 SocketServer的ThreadingTCPServer之所以可以同时处理请求得益于 select 和 Threading 两个模块，其实本质上就是在服务器端为每一个客户端创建一个线程，当前线程用来处理对应客户端的请求，所以，可以支持同时多个个客户端连接。

ForkingTCPServer

ForkingTCPServer和ThreadingTCPServer的使用和执行流程基本一致，只不过在内部分别为请求者建立 “线程”  和 “进程”。