ubuntu中aptget install 改用阿里云作为数据源

首先可以将系统中的数据源的源列表文件备份一下。

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

然后编辑源列表文件内容

sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list

将里面的内容改为阿里云即可，以下是用Ubuntu16.04为例子。16.04对应的代称是xenial。如果其他版本，可以将代称修改。

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse

ubuntu的源最好也加上，避免某些库找不到。

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse

运行sudo apt-get update

运行sudo apt-get upgrade

apt-get 工作原理
Ubuntu采用集中式的软件仓库机制，将各式各样的软件包分门别类地存放在软件仓库中，进行有效地组织和管理。然后，将软件仓库置于许许多多的镜像服务器中，并保持基本一致。这样，所有的Ubuntu用户随时都能获得最新版本的安装软件包。因此，对于用户，这些镜像服务器就是他们的软件源（Reposity）

然而，由于每位用户所处的网络环境不同，不可能随意地访问各镜像站点。为了能够有选择地访问，在Ubuntu系统中，使用软件源配置文件/etc/apt/sources.list列出最合适访问的镜像站点地址。

1. apt-get的更新过程
1）执行apt-get update
2）程序分析/etc/apt/sources.list
3）自动连网寻找list中对应的Packages/Sources/Release列表文件，如果有更新则下载之，存入/var/lib/apt/lists/目录
4）然后 apt-get install 相应的包 ，下载并安装。

即使这样，软件源配置文件只是告知Ubuntu系统可以访问的镜像站点地址，但那些镜像站点具体都拥有什么软件资源并不清楚。若每安装一个软件包，就在服务器上寻找一遍，效率是很低的。因而，就有必要为这些软件资源列个清单（建立索引文件），以便本地主机查询。

用户可以使用“apt-get update”命令刷新软件源，建立更新软件包列表。在Ubuntu Linux中，“apt-get update”命令会扫描每一个软件源服务器，并为该服务器所具有软件包资源建立索引文件，存放在本地的/var/lib/apt/lists/目录中。 使用apt-get执行安装、更新操作时，都将依据这些索引文件，向软件源服务器申请资源。因此，在计算机设备空闲时，经常使用“apt-get update”命令刷新软件源，是一个好的习惯。

2. apt-get install 原理

3. apt-get 常用操作

apt-cache search packagename 搜索包
apt-cache show packagename 获取包的相关信息，如说明、大小、版本等
apt-get install packagename 安装包
apt-get install packagename - - reinstall 重新安装包
apt-get -f install 修复安装"-f = --fix-missing"
apt-get remove packagename 删除包
apt-get remove packagename - - purge 删除包，包括删除配置文件等
apt-get update 更新源
apt-get upgrade 更新已安装的包
apt-get dist-upgrade 升级系统
apt-get dselect-upgrade 使用 dselect 升级
apt-cache depends packagename 了解使用依赖
apt-cache rdepends packagename 是查看该包被哪些包依赖
apt-get build-dep packagename 安装相关的编译环境
apt-get source packagename 下载该包的源代码
apt-get clean 清理无用的包
apt-get autoclean 清理无用的包
apt-get check 检查是否有损坏的依赖

 #阿里源
     deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
     deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
     deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
     deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
     deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

    #网易源
    deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
     deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
     deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
     deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
     deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

    #清华源
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
     deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
     deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
     deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
     deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

    ##中科大源
    deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
     deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
     deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
     deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
     deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
     deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse