zoukankan      html  css  js  c++  java
  • 自定义Django认证系统的技术方案

    Django已经提供了开箱即用的认证系统,但是可能并不满足我们的个性化需求。自定义认证系统需要知道哪些地方可以扩展,哪些地方可以替换。本文就来介绍自定义Django认证系统的相关技术细节。

    自定义认证后端

    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS

    Django默认认证后端为:

    ['django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend']
    

    可以在settings.py中配置AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS为自定义的认证后端,其本质是Python class,在调用django.contrib.auth.authenticate()时会进行遍历:

    def authenticate(request=None, **credentials):
        """
        If the given credentials are valid, return a User object.
        """
        for backend, backend_path in _get_backends(return_tuples=True):
            backend_signature = inspect.signature(backend.authenticate)
            try:
                backend_signature.bind(request, **credentials)
            except TypeError:
                # This backend doesn't accept these credentials as arguments. Try the next one.
                continue
            try:
                user = backend.authenticate(request, **credentials)
            except PermissionDenied:
                # This backend says to stop in our tracks - this user should not be allowed in at all.
                break
            if user is None:
                continue
            # Annotate the user object with the path of the backend.
            user.backend = backend_path
            return user
    
        # The credentials supplied are invalid to all backends, fire signal
        user_login_failed.send(sender=__name__, credentials=_clean_credentials(credentials), request=request)
    
    

    列表中的认证后端是有先后顺序的,Django会依次进行认证,只要有后端认证成功,就会结束认证,如果有后端抛出PermissionDenied异常,也会停止认证。

    如果修改了认证后端,想要用户重新认证,那么需要调用Session.objects.all().delete()清除session数据,因为session中会缓存已认证过的认证后端。

    编写认证后端

    先看看默认认证后端的源码片段:

    class ModelBackend(BaseBackend):
        """
        Authenticates against settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL.
        """
    
        def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, **kwargs):
            if username is None:
                username = kwargs.get(UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)
            if username is None or password is None:
                return
            try:
                user = UserModel._default_manager.get_by_natural_key(username)
            except UserModel.DoesNotExist:
                # Run the default password hasher once to reduce the timing
                # difference between an existing and a nonexistent user (#20760).
                UserModel().set_password(password)
            else:
                if user.check_password(password) and self.user_can_authenticate(user):
                    return user
                
        ...
        
        def get_user(self, user_id):
            try:
                user = UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=user_id)
            except UserModel.DoesNotExist:
                return None
            return user if self.user_can_authenticate(user) else None
    
    

    总结一下:

    1. 继承BaseBackend。

    2. 实现了authenticate()。(backend也有个authenticate方法,跟django.contrib.auth.authenticate()不一样哦)authenticate(request=None, **credentials)方法的第一个入参是request,可为空,第二个入参是credentials(用户凭证如用户名、密码),示例:

      from django.contrib.auth.backends import BaseBackend
      
      class MyBackend(BaseBackend):
          def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None):
              # Check the username/password and return a user.
              ...
      

      用户凭证也可以是token:

      from django.contrib.auth.backends import BaseBackend
      
      class MyBackend(BaseBackend):
          def authenticate(self, request, token=None):
              # Check the token and return a user.
              ...
      

      如果认证成功就返回User对象,如果认证失败就返回None。

    3. 实现了get_user()get_user(user_id)方法入参是user_id,可以是username/数据库ID等,必须是User的主键,返回值为User对象或者None。

    我们试着来编写一个认证后端,为了演示效果,我们不用客户端服务器模式,而是在settings.py文件中增加2个配置,然后用我们自定义的认证后端进行认证,代码如下:

    from django.conf import settings
    from django.contrib.auth.backends import BaseBackend
    from django.contrib.auth.hashers import check_password
    from django.contrib.auth.models import User
    
    class SettingsBackend(BaseBackend):
        """
        认证settings中ADMIN_LOGIN和ADMIN_PASSWORD变量,比如:
        ADMIN_LOGIN = 'admin'
        ADMIN_PASSWORD = 'pbkdf2_sha256$30000$Vo0VlMnkR4Bk$qEvtdyZRWTcOsCnI/oQ7fVOu1XAURIZYoOZ3iq8Dr4M='
        """
    
        def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None):
            login_valid = (settings.ADMIN_LOGIN == username)
            pwd_valid = check_password(password, settings.ADMIN_PASSWORD)
            if login_valid and pwd_valid:
                try:
                    user = User.objects.get(username=username)
                except User.DoesNotExist:
                    # 创建一个新用户
                    user = User(username=username)
                    user.is_staff = True
                    user.is_superuser = True
                    user.save()
                return user
            return None
    
        def get_user(self, user_id):
            try:
                return User.objects.get(pk=user_id)
            except User.DoesNotExist:
                return None
    

    自定义认证后端授权

    认证后端可以重写方法get_user_permissions(), get_group_permissions(), get_all_permissions(), has_perm(), has_module_perms(), with_perm()来实现授权。示例:

    from django.contrib.auth.backends import BaseBackend
    
    class MagicAdminBackend(BaseBackend):
        def has_perm(self, user_obj, perm, obj=None):
            # 如果是超管,就会获得所有权限,因为不管perm是什么,都返回True
            return user_obj.username == settings.ADMIN_LOGIN
    

    可以根据业务编写具体的判断逻辑,给不同用户/组授予不同权限。

    user_obj可以是django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser,用来给匿名用户授予某些权限。

    User有个is_active字段,ModelBackend和RemoteUserBackend不能给is_active=False的用户授权,如果想授权,可以使用AllowAllUsersModelBackend或AllowAllUsersRemoteUserBackend。

    自定义新权限

    除了增删改查权限,有时我们需要更多的权限,例如,为myapp中的BlogPost创建一个can_publish权限:

    方法1 meta中配置

    class BlogPost(models.Model):
        ...
        class Meta:
            permissions = (
                ("can_publish", "Can Publish Posts"),
            )
    

    方法2 使用create()函数

    from myapp.models import BlogPost
    from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission
    from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
    
    content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(BlogPost)
    permission = Permission.objects.create(
        codename='can_publish',
        name='Can Publish Posts',
        content_type=content_type,
    )
    

    在使用python manage.py migrate命令后,就会创建这个新权限,接着就可以在view中编写代码判断用户是否有这个权限来决定能否发表文章。

    扩展User模型

    代理模型

    如果不需要修改表结构,只扩展行为,那么可以使用代理模型。示例:

    from django.contrib.auth.models import User
    
    class MyUser(User):
        class Meta:
            proxy = True
    
        def do_something(self):
            # ...
            pass
    

    OneToOneField

    如果需要扩展字段,那么可以使用OneToOneField。示例:

    from django.contrib.auth.models import User
    
    class Employee(models.Model):
        user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
        department = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    

    这样会新增一张表:

    CREATE TABLE `user_employee` (
      `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
      `department` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
      `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
      PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
      UNIQUE KEY `user_id` (`user_id`),
      CONSTRAINT `user_employee_user_id_9b2edd10_fk_auth_user_id` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `auth_user` (`id`)
    ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
    

    在代码中使用User也能访问到Employee的属性:

    >>> u = User.objects.get(username='fsmith')
    >>> freds_department = u.employee.department
    

    虽然这种方式能实现扩展,但是OneToOneField会增加数据库查询的复杂度,加重数据库处理负担,并不建议采用。

    替换User模型

    新版Django的推荐做法是,如果不想用默认User模型,那么就把它替换掉。Django除了User模型,还有2个抽象模型AbstractUser和AbstractBaseUser,从源码中可以看到它们的继承关系:

    class User(AbstractUser):
        
    class AbstractUser(AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin):
        
    class AbstractBaseUser(models.Model):
    

    为什么不用User模型,还要做2个抽象模型呢?这是因为一般继承有2个用途,一是继承父类的属性和方法,并做出自己的改变或扩展,实现代码重用。但是这种方式会导致子类也包含了父类的实现代码,代码强耦合,所以实践中不会这么做。而是采用第二种方式,把共性的内容抽象出来,只定义属性和方法,不提供具体实现(如java中的接口类),并且只能被继承,不能被实例化。AbstractUser和AbstractBaseUser就是对User的不同程度的抽象,AbstractUser是User的完整实现,可用于扩展User,AbstractBaseUser是高度抽象,可用于完全自定义User。

    继承AbstractUser

    除了代理模型和OneToOneField,扩展User的新方式是定义新的MyUser并继承AbstractUser,把User替换掉,再添加额外信息。具体操作步骤我们通过示例来了解:

    替换User最好是创建项目后,首次python manage.py migrate前,就进行替换,否则数据库的表已经生成,再中途替换,会有各种各样的依赖问题,只能手动解决。

    第一步,myapp.models中新建MyUser,继承AbstractUser:

    from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
    
    class MyUser(AbstractUser):
        pass
    

    第二步,settings.py中配置AUTH_USER_MODEL,指定新的用户模型:

    AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'myapp.MyUser'
    

    第三步,settings.py中配置INSTALLED_APPS:

    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        'django.contrib.admin',
        'django.contrib.auth',
        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
        'django.contrib.sessions',
        'django.contrib.messages',
        'django.contrib.staticfiles',
        'myapp.apps.MyappConfig'  # 新增
    ]
    

    第四步(可选),如果需要使用Django自带管理后台,那么要在admin.py中注册:

    from django.contrib import admin
    from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin
    from .models import MyUser
    
    admin.site.register(MyUser, UserAdmin)
    

    我们看下数据库中的效果,提交数据迁移:

    python manage.py makemigrations
    

    执行数据迁移:

    python manage.py migrate
    

    从表能看出来,默认User已经替换为MyUser了:

    替换之后,就可以进行扩展了。比如自定义表名:

    from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
    
    class MyUser(AbstractUser):
     class Meta:
         db_table = "user"
     pass
    

    替换User后,就不能直接引用django.contrib.auth.models.User了,可以使用get_user_model()函数或者settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL

    继承AbstractBaseUser

    继承AbstractUser只能做扩展,如果我们想完全自定义用户模型,那么就需要继承AbstractBaseUser,再重写属性和方法。

    USERNAME_FIELD

    USERNAME_FIELD是用户模型的唯一标识符,不一定是username,也可以是email、phone等。

    唯一标识符是Django认证后端的要求,如果你实现了自定义认证后端,那么也可以用非唯一标识符作为USERNAME_FIELD。

    我们可以参考AbstractUser的实现:

    username = models.CharField(
        _('username'),
        max_length=150,
        unique=True,
        help_text=_('Required. 150 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.'),
        validators=[username_validator],
        error_messages={
            'unique': _("A user with that username already exists."),
        },
    )
    
    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
        
    

    修改为自定义:

    class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
        identifier = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)
        ...
        USERNAME_FIELD = 'identifier'
    

    EMAIL_FIELD

    参考AbstractUser的实现:

    email = models.EmailField(_('email address'), blank=True)
    EMAIL_FIELD = 'email'
    

    REQUIRED_FIELDS

    REQUIRED_FIELDS是指必填字段。参考AbstractUser的实现:

    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['email']
    

    这表示email是必填的,在使用createsuperuser命令时,会提示必须输入。

    修改为自定义:

    class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
        ...
        date_of_birth = models.DateField()
        height = models.FloatField()
        ...
        REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth', 'height']
    

    不需要再填USERNAME_FIELD和password,因为Django已经默认包含了,只需要填其他字段即可。

    is_active

    可以用来做软删(不删除数据而是把is_active置为False)。参考AbstractUser的实现:

    is_active = models.BooleanField(
            _('active'),
            default=True,
            help_text=_(
                'Designates whether this user should be treated as active. '
                'Unselect this instead of deleting accounts.'
            ),
        )
    

    get_full_name()

    参考AbstractUser的实现:

        def get_full_name(self):
            """
            Return the first_name plus the last_name, with a space in between.
            """
            full_name = '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
            return full_name.strip()
    

    get_short_name()

    参考AbstractUser的实现:

        def get_short_name(self):
            """Return the short name for the user."""
            return self.first_name
    

    更多属性和方法请看源码。

    查看源码的方法:在from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractBaseUser代码上,按住CTRL点击AbstractBaseUser即可。

    重写manager

    如果自定义用户模型改变了username, email, is_staff, is_active, is_superuser, last_login, and date_joined字段,那么可能需要继承BaseUserManager,并重写以下2个方法:

    create_user(username_field, password=None, **other_fields)

    create_user(username_field, password=None, **other_fields)

    示例:

    from django.contrib.auth.models import BaseUserManager
    
    class CustomUserManager(BaseUserManager):
    
        def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
            # create user here
            ...
            
        def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
            # create superuser here
            ...
    

    重写权限

    从AbstractUser的定义可以看到是继承了PermissionsMixin类的:

    class AbstractUser(AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin):
    

    所以重写权限就是重写PermissionsMixin的属性和方法,如get_user_permissions()、has_perm()等。

    一个完整示例

    我们把email作为USERNAME_FIELD,并且让date_of_birth必填。

    models.py

    from django.db import models
    from django.contrib.auth.models import (
        BaseUserManager, AbstractBaseUser
    )
    
    
    class MyUserManager(BaseUserManager):
        def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
            """
            Creates and saves a User with the given email, date of
            birth and password.
            """
            if not email:
                raise ValueError('Users must have an email address')
    
            user = self.model(
                email=self.normalize_email(email),
                date_of_birth=date_of_birth,
            )
    
            user.set_password(password)
            user.save(using=self._db)
            return user
    
        def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
            """
            Creates and saves a superuser with the given email, date of
            birth and password.
            """
            user = self.create_user(
                email,
                password=password,
                date_of_birth=date_of_birth,
            )
            user.is_admin = True
            user.save(using=self._db)
            return user
    
    
    class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
        email = models.EmailField(
            verbose_name='email address',
            max_length=255,
            unique=True,
        )
        date_of_birth = models.DateField()
        is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
        is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    
        objects = MyUserManager()
    
        USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
        REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth']
    
        def __str__(self):
            return self.email
    
        def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
            "Does the user have a specific permission?"
            # Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
            return True
    
        def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
            "Does the user have permissions to view the app `app_label`?"
            # Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
            return True
    
        @property
        def is_staff(self):
            "Is the user a member of staff?"
            # Simplest possible answer: All admins are staff
            return self.is_admin
    

    不要忘了在settings.py中修改AUTH_USER_MODEL哦:

    AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'customauth.MyUser'
    

    东方说

    纯技术文太单调,不如来点小吐槽。写了这2篇关于Django认证系统的文章,明白了以前似懂非懂的技术细节。如果平时有需求想自己做个小网站,完全可以用Django来快速实现后端,开箱即用还是有点香。Template和Form不属于前后端分离的技术,在学习时可以选择性跳过。公众号后台回复“加群”,“Python互助讨论群”欢迎你。

    参考资料:

    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.1/topics/auth/customizing/

  • 相关阅读:
    MicroPython实例之TPYBoard v102炫彩跑马灯WS2812B
    MicroPython实例之TPYBoardv102自动浇花系统
    Micropython实例之DIY超声波避障小车
    MicroPython支持图形化编辑了:Python Editor带你轻松玩转MicroPython
    潍坊首个小学“教育创客空间”落户呼家庄小学 萝卜(创客)教育走进小学课堂
    Micropython TPYBoard I2C的用法
    JDK5.0新特性-反射
    JDK5.0新特性-枚举
    JDK5.0新特性-泛型
    JDK5.0新特性-静态导入
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/df888/p/14126994.html
Copyright © 2011-2022 走看看