数据库-数据表的增删改查

查看数据表结构

• 查看表的字段信息 DESC 表名

  • NULL表示该列可以存储NULL值
  • key 指约束条件
  • Extra 指附加信息 例如主键自增

mysql> desc tb_empl;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id     | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name   | varchar(25) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptId | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| salary | float       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 查看更加详细的表结构

mysql> show create table tb_dept2G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: tb_dept2
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `tb_dept2` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(22) DEFAULT NULL,
  `location` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR:
No query specified

修改数据表

MySQL使用 ALTER TABLE语句修改表

• 修改表名

mysql> ALTER TABLE tb_empl RENAME new_empl;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec)
# 可以看到tb_empl表名变为new_empl
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_test_db |
+-------------------+
| new_empl          |
| tb_dept2          |
| tb_dept3          |
| tb_dept7          |
| tb_dept8          |
| tb_emp5           |
| tb_temp6          |
+-------------------+
7 rows in set (0.02 sec)

• 修改字段的数据类型

# 没有修改之前的表结构数据类型
mysql> DESC NEW_EMPL;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id     | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name   | varchar(25) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptId | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| salary | float       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 修改之后的
mysql> ALTER TABLE new_empl MODIFY name char(50);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc new_empl;
+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id     | int(11)  | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name   | char(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptId | int(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| salary | float    | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.05 sec)

mysql>

• 修改字段名

  • 修改后的数据类型可以与原来一样但是不能为空

  mysql> ALTER TABLE new_empl change name new_name char(20);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
  Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
  
  mysql> desc new_empl;
  +----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field    | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id       | int(11)  | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
  | new_name | char(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  | deptId   | int(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  | salary   | float    | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  +----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
  

• 添加字段

mysql> ALTER TABLE new_empl add country varchar(50);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc new_empl;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id       | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| new_name | char(20)    | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptId   | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| salary   | float       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| country  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

• 删除字段

mysql> ALTER TABLE new_empl DROP deptID;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc new_empl;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id       | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| new_name | char(20)    | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| salary   | float       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| country  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

• 修改字段的排列位置

  • 修改字段为表的第一个字段

  
  # 将字段修改为表的第一个字段
  mysql> ALTER TABLE new_empl MODIFY country varchar(50) FIRST;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)
  Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
  
  mysql> desc new_empl;
  +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | country  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  | id       | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
  | new_name | char(20)    | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  | salary   | float       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  4 rows in set (0.02 sec)
  
  

  • 修改字段到表的指定列之后

  mysql> ALTER TABLE new_empl MODIFY country varchar(50) AFTER salary;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)
  Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
  
  mysql> DESC NEW_EMPL;
  +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id       | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
  | new_name | char(20)    | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  | salary   | float       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  | country  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
  

• 更改表的存储引擎,如果有外键必须删除外键

mysql> ALTER TABLE new_empl ENGINE=MyISAM;
ERROR 1217 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails
# 删除外键后

mysql> ALTER TABLE new_empl ENGINE=MyISAM;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show create table new_emplG;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: new_empl
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `new_empl` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '员工编号',
  `new_name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `salary` float DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '工资',
  `country` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR:
No query specified

• 删除表的外键约束

mysql> ALTER TABLE tb_emp5 DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_tb_empl;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

删除数据表

• 删除没有被关联的表

mysql> DROP TABLE IF EXISTS new_empl;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_test_db |
+-------------------+
| tb_dept2          |
| tb_dept3          |
| tb_dept7          |
| tb_dept8          |
| tb_emp5           |
| tb_temp6          |
+-------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 删除被其他表关联的主表

  • 外键关联的情况下，想删除主表，必须先删除和他关联的子表
  • 如果想保留字表，则必须解除外键关联

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