1、测试数据
root@PC1:/home/test# cat a.fna ## 实现将碱基转换为1行， 其他信息不变 >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] gataaaaaataaatagaaacaaaatcactgaagaaCCAGTGTGCCTGCTCAGGTCAGATGAAGCCAGAGGGCTGCCAGAG GGCAAGCGAGCTGCGTTGCCTGGAAAAAGTTAAACACACAGAGAGCATGGTGGCTCTGATACTTTCTAGAAGGATTAAAG TCACTTTCCCAGTCTTTATGAGAATTGGGCCGAAGCTTAGCTGGTGCAACGAATTTAGAAATGAATGCACTTGCATTTGA >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] AGATGATGTGTCTTTGCCTTGAgctaaaaattttagaataatctgaACGTCATCTGAGGAACCTGCTTCTGGCGTGGTTT TGGTGTCAGCATCTTCTCACCCTCTCTAGTAATTTTCAGTATGCATTTCTATTTTCGTGTAGTTATTTACAGGAGCATTT TATGGAAAACCGGCTCAAATCTTTTTGGGTGCAGGGGTAGTTCAAATGCACTGAGACCCTCAGTTTCACTTGCTAATCTC >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] CTCCAGAAACCCTGTTCTCCTCGAGTGACAAGGTCAGCAGGGCAGCACGTGTGTTCCTGTCACTGCCAACTCAAGAATAT GAAGTTTAAAGAGTTTCACCATCAAATGCAGTGTCGTGGACTGCCCCTGAACAGGTGTTTATAATCACGTGTGCAAGTGA AGCAAGCACAAATCCTCAGTGGAAAACGGGCAGAGGACACGAGCagacaattctttttaaaaactgcacaaATTAGCACA >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] CTAGGCACGGATGAGCGTGCCTACCGTGTTGCATGGAGGTAACAGATGCCAGAGCCCGGAGGAGGCGCAAAGCTCACAAA CAGATGCGGACCGCAGGAAGCCGGGACGGCCTTCCTCCCCTGAAGCAGGAGGACGCGCCCTACAGAAAGCCGCTCGATCC TCCAGGCATTTGTTGTGAGCACTTAATCATCATTCGATCATTTGACGTGTACTCACTAGTAAAAGGCAGGACTGTGTCCC
2、 awk + sed实现
root@PC1:/home/test# awk '{if($0 ~ /^[a-zA-Z]/) {printf("%s", $0)} else {print $0}}' a.fna | sed '$ s/$/\n/' | sed '2,$ s/>/\n>/' >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] gataaaaaataaatagaaacaaaatcactgaagaaCCAGTGTGCCTGCTCAGGTCAGATGAAGCCAGAGGGCTGCCAGAGGGCAAGCGAGCTGCGTTGCCTGGAAAAAGTTAAACACACAGAGAGCATGGTGGCTCTGATACTTTCTAGAAGGATTAAAGTCACTTTCCCAGTCTTTATGAGAATTGGGCCGAAGCTTAGCTGGTGCAACGAATTTAGAAATGAATGCACTTGCATTTGA >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] AGATGATGTGTCTTTGCCTTGAgctaaaaattttagaataatctgaACGTCATCTGAGGAACCTGCTTCTGGCGTGGTTTTGGTGTCAGCATCTTCTCACCCTCTCTAGTAATTTTCAGTATGCATTTCTATTTTCGTGTAGTTATTTACAGGAGCATTTTATGGAAAACCGGCTCAAATCTTTTTGGGTGCAGGGGTAGTTCAAATGCACTGAGACCCTCAGTTTCACTTGCTAATCTC >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] CTCCAGAAACCCTGTTCTCCTCGAGTGACAAGGTCAGCAGGGCAGCACGTGTGTTCCTGTCACTGCCAACTCAAGAATATGAAGTTTAAAGAGTTTCACCATCAAATGCAGTGTCGTGGACTGCCCCTGAACAGGTGTTTATAATCACGTGTGCAAGTGAAGCAAGCACAAATCCTCAGTGGAAAACGGGCAGAGGACACGAGCagacaattctttttaaaaactgcacaaATTAGCACA >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] CTAGGCACGGATGAGCGTGCCTACCGTGTTGCATGGAGGTAACAGATGCCAGAGCCCGGAGGAGGCGCAAAGCTCACAAACAGATGCGGACCGCAGGAAGCCGGGACGGCCTTCCTCCCCTGAAGCAGGAGGACGCGCCCTACAGAAAGCCGCTCGATCCTCCAGGCATTTGTTGTGAGCACTTAATCATCATTCGATCATTTGACGTGTACTCACTAGTAAAAGGCAGGACTGTGTCCC
3、利用正则表达式及sed预存储还原
root@PC1:/home/test# ls a.fna b.fna root@PC1:/home/test# cp b.fna b.fna_bak ## 要在源文件进行修改，先进行备份 root@PC1:/home/test# ls a.fna b.fna b.fna_bak root@PC1:/home/test# cat b.fna >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] gataaaaaataaatagaaacaaaatcactgaagaaCCAGTGTGCCTGCTCAGGTCAGATGAAGCCAGAGGGCTGCCAGAGGGCAAGCGAGCTGCGTTGCCTGGAAAAAGTTAAACACACAGAGAGCATGGTGGCTCTGATACTTTCTAGAAGGATTAAAGTCACTTTCCCAGTCTTTATGAGAATTGGGCCGAAGCTTAGCTGGTGCAACGAATTTAGAAATGAATGCACTTGCATTTGA >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] AGATGATGTGTCTTTGCCTTGAgctaaaaattttagaataatctgaACGTCATCTGAGGAACCTGCTTCTGGCGTGGTTTTGGTGTCAGCATCTTCTCACCCTCTCTAGTAATTTTCAGTATGCATTTCTATTTTCGTGTAGTTATTTACAGGAGCATTTTATGGAAAACCGGCTCAAATCTTTTTGGGTGCAGGGGTAGTTCAAATGCACTGAGACCCTCAGTTTCACTTGCTAATCTC >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] CTCCAGAAACCCTGTTCTCCTCGAGTGACAAGGTCAGCAGGGCAGCACGTGTGTTCCTGTCACTGCCAACTCAAGAATATGAAGTTTAAAGAGTTTCACCATCAAATGCAGTGTCGTGGACTGCCCCTGAACAGGTGTTTATAATCACGTGTGCAAGTGAAGCAAGCACAAATCCTCAGTGGAAAACGGGCAGAGGACACGAGCagacaattctttttaaaaactgcacaaATTAGCACA >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] CTAGGCACGGATGAGCGTGCCTACCGTGTTGCATGGAGGTAACAGATGCCAGAGCCCGGAGGAGGCGCAAAGCTCACAAACAGATGCGGACCGCAGGAAGCCGGGACGGCCTTCCTCCCCTGAAGCAGGAGGACGCGCCCTACAGAAAGCCGCTCGATCCTCCAGGCATTTGTTGTGAGCACTTAATCATCATTCGATCATTTGACGTGTACTCACTAGTAAAAGGCAGGACTGTGTCCC root@PC1:/home/test# for i in `seq 10`; do sed 's/\(^[a-zA-Z]\{50\}\)[^\n]/\1\n/' b.fna -i; done ## 50可修改为任意的碱基数 root@PC1:/home/test# cat b.fna >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] gataaaaaataaatagaaacaaaatcactgaagaaCCAGTGTGCCTGCTC GGTCAGATGAAGCCAGAGGGCTGCCAGAGGGCAAGCGAGCTGCGTTGCCT GAAAAAGTTAAACACACAGAGAGCATGGTGGCTCTGATACTTTCTAGAAG ATTAAAGTCACTTTCCCAGTCTTTATGAGAATTGGGCCGAAGCTTAGCTG TGCAACGAATTTAGAAATGAATGCACTTGCATTTGA >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] AGATGATGTGTCTTTGCCTTGAgctaaaaattttagaataatctgaACGT ATCTGAGGAACCTGCTTCTGGCGTGGTTTTGGTGTCAGCATCTTCTCACC TCTCTAGTAATTTTCAGTATGCATTTCTATTTTCGTGTAGTTATTTACAG AGCATTTTATGGAAAACCGGCTCAAATCTTTTTGGGTGCAGGGGTAGTTC AATGCACTGAGACCCTCAGTTTCACTTGCTAATCTC >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] CTCCAGAAACCCTGTTCTCCTCGAGTGACAAGGTCAGCAGGGCAGCACGT TGTTCCTGTCACTGCCAACTCAAGAATATGAAGTTTAAAGAGTTTCACCA CAAATGCAGTGTCGTGGACTGCCCCTGAACAGGTGTTTATAATCACGTGT CAAGTGAAGCAAGCACAAATCCTCAGTGGAAAACGGGCAGAGGACACGAG agacaattctttttaaaaactgcacaaATTAGCACA >NC_019458.2 Ovis aries breed Texel chromosome 1, Oar_v4.0, [whole genome shotgun sequence] CTAGGCACGGATGAGCGTGCCTACCGTGTTGCATGGAGGTAACAGATGCC GAGCCCGGAGGAGGCGCAAAGCTCACAAACAGATGCGGACCGCAGGAAGC GGGACGGCCTTCCTCCCCTGAAGCAGGAGGACGCGCCCTACAGAAAGCCG TCGATCCTCCAGGCATTTGTTGTGAGCACTTAATCATCATTCGATCATTT ACGTGTACTCACTAGTAAAAGGCAGGACTGTGTCCC