J.U.C并发框架源码阅读（十四）ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor

基于版本jdk1.7.0_80

java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor

代码如下

/*
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
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/*
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 *
 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
 * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
 */

package java.util.concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
import java.util.*;

/**
 * A {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} that can additionally schedule
 * commands to run after a given delay, or to execute
 * periodically. This class is preferable to {@link java.util.Timer}
 * when multiple worker threads are needed, or when the additional
 * flexibility or capabilities of {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} (which
 * this class extends) are required.
 *
 * <p>Delayed tasks execute no sooner than they are enabled, but
 * without any real-time guarantees about when, after they are
 * enabled, they will commence. Tasks scheduled for exactly the same
 * execution time are enabled in first-in-first-out (FIFO) order of
 * submission.
 *
 * <p>When a submitted task is cancelled before it is run, execution
 * is suppressed. By default, such a cancelled task is not
 * automatically removed from the work queue until its delay
 * elapses. While this enables further inspection and monitoring, it
 * may also cause unbounded retention of cancelled tasks. To avoid
 * this, set {@link #setRemoveOnCancelPolicy} to {@code true}, which
 * causes tasks to be immediately removed from the work queue at
 * time of cancellation.
 *
 * <p>Successive executions of a task scheduled via
 * {@code scheduleAtFixedRate} or
 * {@code scheduleWithFixedDelay} do not overlap. While different
 * executions may be performed by different threads, the effects of
 * prior executions <a
 * href="package-summary.html#MemoryVisibility"><i>happen-before</i></a>
 * those of subsequent ones.
 *
 * <p>While this class inherits from {@link ThreadPoolExecutor}, a few
 * of the inherited tuning methods are not useful for it. In
 * particular, because it acts as a fixed-sized pool using
 * {@code corePoolSize} threads and an unbounded queue, adjustments
 * to {@code maximumPoolSize} have no useful effect. Additionally, it
 * is almost never a good idea to set {@code corePoolSize} to zero or
 * use {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} because this may leave the pool
 * without threads to handle tasks once they become eligible to run.
 *
 * <p><b>Extension notes:</b> This class overrides the
 * {@link ThreadPoolExecutor#execute execute} and
 * {@link AbstractExecutorService#submit(Runnable) submit}
 * methods to generate internal {@link ScheduledFuture} objects to
 * control per-task delays and scheduling.  To preserve
 * functionality, any further overrides of these methods in
 * subclasses must invoke superclass versions, which effectively
 * disables additional task customization.  However, this class
 * provides alternative protected extension method
 * {@code decorateTask} (one version each for {@code Runnable} and
 * {@code Callable}) that can be used to customize the concrete task
 * types used to execute commands entered via {@code execute},
 * {@code submit}, {@code schedule}, {@code scheduleAtFixedRate},
 * and {@code scheduleWithFixedDelay}.  By default, a
 * {@code ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor} uses a task type extending
 * {@link FutureTask}. However, this may be modified or replaced using
 * subclasses of the form:
 *
 *  <pre> {@code
 * public class CustomScheduledExecutor extends ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor {
 *
 *   static class CustomTask<V> implements RunnableScheduledFuture<V> { ... }
 *
 *   protected <V> RunnableScheduledFuture<V> decorateTask(
 *                Runnable r, RunnableScheduledFuture<V> task) {
 *       return new CustomTask<V>(r, task);
 *   }
 *
 *   protected <V> RunnableScheduledFuture<V> decorateTask(
 *                Callable<V> c, RunnableScheduledFuture<V> task) {
 *       return new CustomTask<V>(c, task);
 *   }
 *   // ... add constructors, etc.
 * }}</pre>
 *
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 */
public class ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor
        extends ThreadPoolExecutor
        implements ScheduledExecutorService {

    /*
     * This class specializes ThreadPoolExecutor implementation by
     *
     * 1. Using a custom task type, ScheduledFutureTask for
     *    tasks, even those that don't require scheduling (i.e.,
     *    those submitted using ExecutorService execute, not
     *    ScheduledExecutorService methods) which are treated as
     *    delayed tasks with a delay of zero.
     *
     * 2. Using a custom queue (DelayedWorkQueue), a variant of
     *    unbounded DelayQueue. The lack of capacity constraint and
     *    the fact that corePoolSize and maximumPoolSize are
     *    effectively identical simplifies some execution mechanics
     *    (see delayedExecute) compared to ThreadPoolExecutor.
     *
     * 3. Supporting optional run-after-shutdown parameters, which
     *    leads to overrides of shutdown methods to remove and cancel
     *    tasks that should NOT be run after shutdown, as well as
     *    different recheck logic when task (re)submission overlaps
     *    with a shutdown.
     *
     * 4. Task decoration methods to allow interception and
     *    instrumentation, which are needed because subclasses cannot
     *    otherwise override submit methods to get this effect. These
     *    don't have any impact on pool control logic though.
     */

    /**
     * False if should cancel/suppress periodic tasks on shutdown.
     */
    private volatile boolean continueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdown;

    /**
     * False if should cancel non-periodic tasks on shutdown.
     */
    private volatile boolean executeExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdown = true;

    /**
     * True if ScheduledFutureTask.cancel should remove from queue
     */
    private volatile boolean removeOnCancel = false;

    /**
     * Sequence number to break scheduling ties, and in turn to
     * guarantee FIFO order among tied entries.
     */
    private static final AtomicLong sequencer = new AtomicLong(0);

    /**
     * Returns current nanosecond time.
     */
    final long now() {
        return System.nanoTime();
    }

    private class ScheduledFutureTask<V>
            extends FutureTask<V> implements RunnableScheduledFuture<V> {

        /** Sequence number to break ties FIFO */
        private final long sequenceNumber;

        /** The time the task is enabled to execute in nanoTime units */
        private long time;

        /**
         * Period in nanoseconds for repeating tasks.  A positive
         * value indicates fixed-rate execution.  A negative value
         * indicates fixed-delay execution.  A value of 0 indicates a
         * non-repeating task.
         */
        private final long period;

        /** The actual task to be re-enqueued by reExecutePeriodic */
        RunnableScheduledFuture<V> outerTask = this;

        /**
         * Index into delay queue, to support faster cancellation.
         */
        int heapIndex;

        /**
         * Creates a one-shot action with given nanoTime-based trigger time.
         */
        ScheduledFutureTask(Runnable r, V result, long ns) {
            super(r, result);
            this.time = ns;
            this.period = 0;
            this.sequenceNumber = sequencer.getAndIncrement();
        }

        /**
         * Creates a periodic action with given nano time and period.
         */
        ScheduledFutureTask(Runnable r, V result, long ns, long period) {
            super(r, result);
            this.time = ns;
            this.period = period;
            this.sequenceNumber = sequencer.getAndIncrement();
        }

        /**
         * Creates a one-shot action with given nanoTime-based trigger.
         */
        ScheduledFutureTask(Callable<V> callable, long ns) {
            super(callable);
            this.time = ns;
            this.period = 0;
            this.sequenceNumber = sequencer.getAndIncrement();
        }

        public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) {
            return unit.convert(time - now(), TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
        }

        public int compareTo(Delayed other) {
            if (other == this) // compare zero ONLY if same object
                return 0;
            if (other instanceof ScheduledFutureTask) {
                ScheduledFutureTask<?> x = (ScheduledFutureTask<?>)other;
                long diff = time - x.time;
                if (diff < 0)
                    return -1;
                else if (diff > 0)
                    return 1;
                else if (sequenceNumber < x.sequenceNumber)
                    return -1;
                else
                    return 1;
            }
            long d = (getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) -
                      other.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS));
            return (d == 0) ? 0 : ((d < 0) ? -1 : 1);
        }

        /**
         * Returns true if this is a periodic (not a one-shot) action.
         *
         * @return true if periodic
         */
        public boolean isPeriodic() {
            return period != 0;
        }

        /**
         * Sets the next time to run for a periodic task.
         */
        private void setNextRunTime() {
            long p = period;
            if (p > 0)
                time += p;
            else
                time = triggerTime(-p);
        }

        public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
            boolean cancelled = super.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning);
            if (cancelled && removeOnCancel && heapIndex >= 0)
                remove(this);
            return cancelled;
        }

        /**
         * Overrides FutureTask version so as to reset/requeue if periodic.
         */
        public void run() {
            boolean periodic = isPeriodic();
            if (!canRunInCurrentRunState(periodic))
                cancel(false);
            else if (!periodic)
                ScheduledFutureTask.super.run();
            else if (ScheduledFutureTask.super.runAndReset()) {
                setNextRunTime();
                reExecutePeriodic(outerTask);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if can run a task given current run state
     * and run-after-shutdown parameters.
     *
     * @param periodic true if this task periodic, false if delayed
     */
    boolean canRunInCurrentRunState(boolean periodic) {
        return isRunningOrShutdown(periodic ?
                                   continueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdown :
                                   executeExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdown);
    }

    /**
     * Main execution method for delayed or periodic tasks.  If pool
     * is shut down, rejects the task. Otherwise adds task to queue
     * and starts a thread, if necessary, to run it.  (We cannot
     * prestart the thread to run the task because the task (probably)
     * shouldn't be run yet,) If the pool is shut down while the task
     * is being added, cancel and remove it if required by state and
     * run-after-shutdown parameters.
     *
     * @param task the task
     */
    private void delayedExecute(RunnableScheduledFuture<?> task) {
        if (isShutdown())
            reject(task);
        else {
            super.getQueue().add(task);
            if (isShutdown() &&
                !canRunInCurrentRunState(task.isPeriodic()) &&
                remove(task))
                task.cancel(false);
            else
                ensurePrestart();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Requeues a periodic task unless current run state precludes it.
     * Same idea as delayedExecute except drops task rather than rejecting.
     *
     * @param task the task
     */
    void reExecutePeriodic(RunnableScheduledFuture<?> task) {
        if (canRunInCurrentRunState(true)) {
            super.getQueue().add(task);
            if (!canRunInCurrentRunState(true) && remove(task))
                task.cancel(false);
            else
                ensurePrestart();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Cancels and clears the queue of all tasks that should not be run
     * due to shutdown policy.  Invoked within super.shutdown.
     */
    @Override void onShutdown() {
        BlockingQueue<Runnable> q = super.getQueue();
        boolean keepDelayed =
            getExecuteExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdownPolicy();
        boolean keepPeriodic =
            getContinueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdownPolicy();
        if (!keepDelayed && !keepPeriodic) {
            for (Object e : q.toArray())
                if (e instanceof RunnableScheduledFuture<?>)
                    ((RunnableScheduledFuture<?>) e).cancel(false);
            q.clear();
        }
        else {
            // Traverse snapshot to avoid iterator exceptions
            for (Object e : q.toArray()) {
                if (e instanceof RunnableScheduledFuture) {
                    RunnableScheduledFuture<?> t =
                        (RunnableScheduledFuture<?>)e;
                    if ((t.isPeriodic() ? !keepPeriodic : !keepDelayed) ||
                        t.isCancelled()) { // also remove if already cancelled
                        if (q.remove(t))
                            t.cancel(false);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        tryTerminate();
    }

    /**
     * Modifies or replaces the task used to execute a runnable.
     * This method can be used to override the concrete
     * class used for managing internal tasks.
     * The default implementation simply returns the given task.
     *
     * @param runnable the submitted Runnable
     * @param task the task created to execute the runnable
     * @return a task that can execute the runnable
     * @since 1.6
     */
    protected <V> RunnableScheduledFuture<V> decorateTask(
        Runnable runnable, RunnableScheduledFuture<V> task) {
        return task;
    }

    /**
     * Modifies or replaces the task used to execute a callable.
     * This method can be used to override the concrete
     * class used for managing internal tasks.
     * The default implementation simply returns the given task.
     *
     * @param callable the submitted Callable
     * @param task the task created to execute the callable
     * @return a task that can execute the callable
     * @since 1.6
     */
    protected <V> RunnableScheduledFuture<V> decorateTask(
        Callable<V> callable, RunnableScheduledFuture<V> task) {
        return task;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new {@code ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor} with the
     * given core pool size.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     */
    public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize) {
        super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS,
              new DelayedWorkQueue());
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new {@code ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor} with the
     * given initial parameters.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
     *        creates a new thread
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code threadFactory} is null
     */
    public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                                       ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS,
              new DelayedWorkQueue(), threadFactory);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor with the given
     * initial parameters.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
     *        because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code handler} is null
     */
    public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                                       RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
        super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS,
              new DelayedWorkQueue(), handler);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor with the given
     * initial parameters.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
     *        creates a new thread
     * @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
     *        because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code threadFactory} or
     *         {@code handler} is null
     */
    public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                                       ThreadFactory threadFactory,
                                       RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
        super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS,
              new DelayedWorkQueue(), threadFactory, handler);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the trigger time of a delayed action.
     */
    private long triggerTime(long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
        return triggerTime(unit.toNanos((delay < 0) ? 0 : delay));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the trigger time of a delayed action.
     */
    long triggerTime(long delay) {
        return now() +
            ((delay < (Long.MAX_VALUE >> 1)) ? delay : overflowFree(delay));
    }

    /**
     * Constrains the values of all delays in the queue to be within
     * Long.MAX_VALUE of each other, to avoid overflow in compareTo.
     * This may occur if a task is eligible to be dequeued, but has
     * not yet been, while some other task is added with a delay of
     * Long.MAX_VALUE.
     */
    private long overflowFree(long delay) {
        Delayed head = (Delayed) super.getQueue().peek();
        if (head != null) {
            long headDelay = head.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
            if (headDelay < 0 && (delay - headDelay < 0))
                delay = Long.MAX_VALUE + headDelay;
        }
        return delay;
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public ScheduledFuture<?> schedule(Runnable command,
                                       long delay,
                                       TimeUnit unit) {
        if (command == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        RunnableScheduledFuture<?> t = decorateTask(command,
            new ScheduledFutureTask<Void>(command, null,
                                          triggerTime(delay, unit)));
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public <V> ScheduledFuture<V> schedule(Callable<V> callable,
                                           long delay,
                                           TimeUnit unit) {
        if (callable == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        RunnableScheduledFuture<V> t = decorateTask(callable,
            new ScheduledFutureTask<V>(callable,
                                       triggerTime(delay, unit)));
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException   {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleAtFixedRate(Runnable command,
                                                  long initialDelay,
                                                  long period,
                                                  TimeUnit unit) {
        if (command == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (period <= 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        ScheduledFutureTask<Void> sft =
            new ScheduledFutureTask<Void>(command,
                                          null,
                                          triggerTime(initialDelay, unit),
                                          unit.toNanos(period));
        RunnableScheduledFuture<Void> t = decorateTask(command, sft);
        sft.outerTask = t;
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException   {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleWithFixedDelay(Runnable command,
                                                     long initialDelay,
                                                     long delay,
                                                     TimeUnit unit) {
        if (command == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (delay <= 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        ScheduledFutureTask<Void> sft =
            new ScheduledFutureTask<Void>(command,
                                          null,
                                          triggerTime(initialDelay, unit),
                                          unit.toNanos(-delay));
        RunnableScheduledFuture<Void> t = decorateTask(command, sft);
        sft.outerTask = t;
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

    /**
     * Executes {@code command} with zero required delay.
     * This has effect equivalent to
     * {@link #schedule(Runnable,long,TimeUnit) schedule(command, 0, anyUnit)}.
     * Note that inspections of the queue and of the list returned by
     * {@code shutdownNow} will access the zero-delayed
     * {@link ScheduledFuture}, not the {@code command} itself.
     *
     * <p>A consequence of the use of {@code ScheduledFuture} objects is
     * that {@link ThreadPoolExecutor#afterExecute afterExecute} is always
     * called with a null second {@code Throwable} argument, even if the
     * {@code command} terminated abruptly.  Instead, the {@code Throwable}
     * thrown by such a task can be obtained via {@link Future#get}.
     *
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException at discretion of
     *         {@code RejectedExecutionHandler}, if the task
     *         cannot be accepted for execution because the
     *         executor has been shut down
     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public void execute(Runnable command) {
        schedule(command, 0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
    }

    // Override AbstractExecutorService methods

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public Future<?> submit(Runnable task) {
        return schedule(task, 0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result) {
        return schedule(Executors.callable(task, result),
                        0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task) {
        return schedule(task, 0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the policy on whether to continue executing existing
     * periodic tasks even when this executor has been {@code shutdown}.
     * In this case, these tasks will only terminate upon
     * {@code shutdownNow} or after setting the policy to
     * {@code false} when already shutdown.
     * This value is by default {@code false}.
     *
     * @param value if {@code true}, continue after shutdown, else don't.
     * @see #getContinueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdownPolicy
     */
    public void setContinueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdownPolicy(boolean value) {
        continueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdown = value;
        if (!value && isShutdown())
            onShutdown();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the policy on whether to continue executing existing
     * periodic tasks even when this executor has been {@code shutdown}.
     * In this case, these tasks will only terminate upon
     * {@code shutdownNow} or after setting the policy to
     * {@code false} when already shutdown.
     * This value is by default {@code false}.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if will continue after shutdown
     * @see #setContinueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdownPolicy
     */
    public boolean getContinueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdownPolicy() {
        return continueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdown;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the policy on whether to execute existing delayed
     * tasks even when this executor has been {@code shutdown}.
     * In this case, these tasks will only terminate upon
     * {@code shutdownNow}, or after setting the policy to
     * {@code false} when already shutdown.
     * This value is by default {@code true}.
     *
     * @param value if {@code true}, execute after shutdown, else don't.
     * @see #getExecuteExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdownPolicy
     */
    public void setExecuteExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdownPolicy(boolean value) {
        executeExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdown = value;
        if (!value && isShutdown())
            onShutdown();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the policy on whether to execute existing delayed
     * tasks even when this executor has been {@code shutdown}.
     * In this case, these tasks will only terminate upon
     * {@code shutdownNow}, or after setting the policy to
     * {@code false} when already shutdown.
     * This value is by default {@code true}.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if will execute after shutdown
     * @see #setExecuteExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdownPolicy
     */
    public boolean getExecuteExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdownPolicy() {
        return executeExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdown;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the policy on whether cancelled tasks should be immediately
     * removed from the work queue at time of cancellation.  This value is
     * by default {@code false}.
     *
     * @param value if {@code true}, remove on cancellation, else don't
     * @see #getRemoveOnCancelPolicy
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public void setRemoveOnCancelPolicy(boolean value) {
        removeOnCancel = value;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the policy on whether cancelled tasks should be immediately
     * removed from the work queue at time of cancellation.  This value is
     * by default {@code false}.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if cancelled tasks are immediately removed
     *         from the queue
     * @see #setRemoveOnCancelPolicy
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public boolean getRemoveOnCancelPolicy() {
        return removeOnCancel;
    }

    /**
     * Initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted
     * tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted.
     * Invocation has no additional effect if already shut down.
     *
     * <p>This method does not wait for previously submitted tasks to
     * complete execution.  Use {@link #awaitTermination awaitTermination}
     * to do that.
     *
     * <p>If the {@code ExecuteExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdownPolicy}
     * has been set {@code false}, existing delayed tasks whose delays
     * have not yet elapsed are cancelled.  And unless the {@code
     * ContinueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdownPolicy} has been set
     * {@code true}, future executions of existing periodic tasks will
     * be cancelled.
     *
     * @throws SecurityException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public void shutdown() {
        super.shutdown();
    }

    /**
     * Attempts to stop all actively executing tasks, halts the
     * processing of waiting tasks, and returns a list of the tasks
     * that were awaiting execution.
     *
     * <p>This method does not wait for actively executing tasks to
     * terminate.  Use {@link #awaitTermination awaitTermination} to
     * do that.
     *
     * <p>There are no guarantees beyond best-effort attempts to stop
     * processing actively executing tasks.  This implementation
     * cancels tasks via {@link Thread#interrupt}, so any task that
     * fails to respond to interrupts may never terminate.
     *
     * @return list of tasks that never commenced execution.
     *         Each element of this list is a {@link ScheduledFuture},
     *         including those tasks submitted using {@code execute},
     *         which are for scheduling purposes used as the basis of a
     *         zero-delay {@code ScheduledFuture}.
     * @throws SecurityException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public List<Runnable> shutdownNow() {
        return super.shutdownNow();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the task queue used by this executor.  Each element of
     * this queue is a {@link ScheduledFuture}, including those
     * tasks submitted using {@code execute} which are for scheduling
     * purposes used as the basis of a zero-delay
     * {@code ScheduledFuture}.  Iteration over this queue is
     * <em>not</em> guaranteed to traverse tasks in the order in
     * which they will execute.
     *
     * @return the task queue
     */
    public BlockingQueue<Runnable> getQueue() {
        return super.getQueue();
    }

    /**
     * Specialized delay queue. To mesh with TPE declarations, this
     * class must be declared as a BlockingQueue<Runnable> even though
     * it can only hold RunnableScheduledFutures.
     */
    static class DelayedWorkQueue extends AbstractQueue<Runnable>
        implements BlockingQueue<Runnable> {

        /*
         * A DelayedWorkQueue is based on a heap-based data structure
         * like those in DelayQueue and PriorityQueue, except that
         * every ScheduledFutureTask also records its index into the
         * heap array. This eliminates the need to find a task upon
         * cancellation, greatly speeding up removal (down from O(n)
         * to O(log n)), and reducing garbage retention that would
         * otherwise occur by waiting for the element to rise to top
         * before clearing. But because the queue may also hold
         * RunnableScheduledFutures that are not ScheduledFutureTasks,
         * we are not guaranteed to have such indices available, in
         * which case we fall back to linear search. (We expect that
         * most tasks will not be decorated, and that the faster cases
         * will be much more common.)
         *
         * All heap operations must record index changes -- mainly
         * within siftUp and siftDown. Upon removal, a task's
         * heapIndex is set to -1. Note that ScheduledFutureTasks can
         * appear at most once in the queue (this need not be true for
         * other kinds of tasks or work queues), so are uniquely
         * identified by heapIndex.
         */

        private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
        private RunnableScheduledFuture[] queue =
            new RunnableScheduledFuture[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
        private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
        private int size = 0;

        /**
         * Thread designated to wait for the task at the head of the
         * queue.  This variant of the Leader-Follower pattern
         * (http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/POSA/POSA2/) serves to
         * minimize unnecessary timed waiting.  When a thread becomes
         * the leader, it waits only for the next delay to elapse, but
         * other threads await indefinitely.  The leader thread must
         * signal some other thread before returning from take() or
         * poll(...), unless some other thread becomes leader in the
         * interim.  Whenever the head of the queue is replaced with a
         * task with an earlier expiration time, the leader field is
         * invalidated by being reset to null, and some waiting
         * thread, but not necessarily the current leader, is
         * signalled.  So waiting threads must be prepared to acquire
         * and lose leadership while waiting.
         */
        private Thread leader = null;

        /**
         * Condition signalled when a newer task becomes available at the
         * head of the queue or a new thread may need to become leader.
         */
        private final Condition available = lock.newCondition();

        /**
         * Set f's heapIndex if it is a ScheduledFutureTask.
         */
        private void setIndex(RunnableScheduledFuture f, int idx) {
            if (f instanceof ScheduledFutureTask)
                ((ScheduledFutureTask)f).heapIndex = idx;
        }

        /**
         * Sift element added at bottom up to its heap-ordered spot.
         * Call only when holding lock.
         */
        private void siftUp(int k, RunnableScheduledFuture key) {
            while (k > 0) {
                int parent = (k - 1) >>> 1;
                RunnableScheduledFuture e = queue[parent];
                if (key.compareTo(e) >= 0)
                    break;
                queue[k] = e;
                setIndex(e, k);
                k = parent;
            }
            queue[k] = key;
            setIndex(key, k);
        }

        /**
         * Sift element added at top down to its heap-ordered spot.
         * Call only when holding lock.
         */
        private void siftDown(int k, RunnableScheduledFuture key) {
            int half = size >>> 1;
            while (k < half) {
                int child = (k << 1) + 1;
                RunnableScheduledFuture c = queue[child];
                int right = child + 1;
                if (right < size && c.compareTo(queue[right]) > 0)
                    c = queue[child = right];
                if (key.compareTo(c) <= 0)
                    break;
                queue[k] = c;
                setIndex(c, k);
                k = child;
            }
            queue[k] = key;
            setIndex(key, k);
        }

        /**
         * Resize the heap array.  Call only when holding lock.
         */
        private void grow() {
            int oldCapacity = queue.length;
            int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1); // grow 50%
            if (newCapacity < 0) // overflow
                newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            queue = Arrays.copyOf(queue, newCapacity);
        }

        /**
         * Find index of given object, or -1 if absent
         */
        private int indexOf(Object x) {
            if (x != null) {
                if (x instanceof ScheduledFutureTask) {
                    int i = ((ScheduledFutureTask) x).heapIndex;
                    // Sanity check; x could conceivably be a
                    // ScheduledFutureTask from some other pool.
                    if (i >= 0 && i < size && queue[i] == x)
                        return i;
                } else {
                    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                        if (x.equals(queue[i]))
                            return i;
                }
            }
            return -1;
        }

        public boolean contains(Object x) {
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                return indexOf(x) != -1;
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public boolean remove(Object x) {
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                int i = indexOf(x);
                if (i < 0)
                    return false;

                setIndex(queue[i], -1);
                int s = --size;
                RunnableScheduledFuture replacement = queue[s];
                queue[s] = null;
                if (s != i) {
                    siftDown(i, replacement);
                    if (queue[i] == replacement)
                        siftUp(i, replacement);
                }
                return true;
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public int size() {
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                return size;
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return size() == 0;
        }

        public int remainingCapacity() {
            return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        }

        public RunnableScheduledFuture peek() {
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                return queue[0];
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public boolean offer(Runnable x) {
            if (x == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            RunnableScheduledFuture e = (RunnableScheduledFuture)x;
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                int i = size;
                if (i >= queue.length)
                    grow();
                size = i + 1;
                if (i == 0) {
                    queue[0] = e;
                    setIndex(e, 0);
                } else {
                    siftUp(i, e);
                }
                if (queue[0] == e) {
                    leader = null;
                    available.signal();
                }
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
            return true;
        }

        public void put(Runnable e) {
            offer(e);
        }

        public boolean add(Runnable e) {
            return offer(e);
        }

        public boolean offer(Runnable e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
            return offer(e);
        }

        /**
         * Performs common bookkeeping for poll and take: Replaces
         * first element with last and sifts it down.  Call only when
         * holding lock.
         * @param f the task to remove and return
         */
        private RunnableScheduledFuture finishPoll(RunnableScheduledFuture f) {
            int s = --size;
            RunnableScheduledFuture x = queue[s];
            queue[s] = null;
            if (s != 0)
                siftDown(0, x);
            setIndex(f, -1);
            return f;
        }

        public RunnableScheduledFuture poll() {
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                RunnableScheduledFuture first = queue[0];
                if (first == null || first.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) > 0)
                    return null;
                else
                    return finishPoll(first);
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public RunnableScheduledFuture take() throws InterruptedException {
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lockInterruptibly();
            try {
                for (;;) {
                    RunnableScheduledFuture first = queue[0];
                    if (first == null)
                        available.await();
                    else {
                        long delay = first.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
                        if (delay <= 0)
                            return finishPoll(first);
                        else if (leader != null)
                            available.await();
                        else {
                            Thread thisThread = Thread.currentThread();
                            leader = thisThread;
                            try {
                                available.awaitNanos(delay);
                            } finally {
                                if (leader == thisThread)
                                    leader = null;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                if (leader == null && queue[0] != null)
                    available.signal();
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public RunnableScheduledFuture poll(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
            throws InterruptedException {
            long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lockInterruptibly();
            try {
                for (;;) {
                    RunnableScheduledFuture first = queue[0];
                    if (first == null) {
                        if (nanos <= 0)
                            return null;
                        else
                            nanos = available.awaitNanos(nanos);
                    } else {
                        long delay = first.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
                        if (delay <= 0)
                            return finishPoll(first);
                        if (nanos <= 0)
                            return null;
                        if (nanos < delay || leader != null)
                            nanos = available.awaitNanos(nanos);
                        else {
                            Thread thisThread = Thread.currentThread();
                            leader = thisThread;
                            try {
                                long timeLeft = available.awaitNanos(delay);
                                nanos -= delay - timeLeft;
                            } finally {
                                if (leader == thisThread)
                                    leader = null;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                if (leader == null && queue[0] != null)
                    available.signal();
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public void clear() {
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                    RunnableScheduledFuture t = queue[i];
                    if (t != null) {
                        queue[i] = null;
                        setIndex(t, -1);
                    }
                }
                size = 0;
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        /**
         * Return and remove first element only if it is expired.
         * Used only by drainTo.  Call only when holding lock.
         */
        private RunnableScheduledFuture pollExpired() {
            RunnableScheduledFuture first = queue[0];
            if (first == null || first.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) > 0)
                return null;
            return finishPoll(first);
        }

        public int drainTo(Collection<? super Runnable> c) {
            if (c == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            if (c == this)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                RunnableScheduledFuture first;
                int n = 0;
                while ((first = pollExpired()) != null) {
                    c.add(first);
                    ++n;
                }
                return n;
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public int drainTo(Collection<? super Runnable> c, int maxElements) {
            if (c == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            if (c == this)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            if (maxElements <= 0)
                return 0;
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                RunnableScheduledFuture first;
                int n = 0;
                while (n < maxElements && (first = pollExpired()) != null) {
                    c.add(first);
                    ++n;
                }
                return n;
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public Object[] toArray() {
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                return Arrays.copyOf(queue, size, Object[].class);
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                if (a.length < size)
                    return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(queue, size, a.getClass());
                System.arraycopy(queue, 0, a, 0, size);
                if (a.length > size)
                    a[size] = null;
                return a;
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public Iterator<Runnable> iterator() {
            return new Itr(Arrays.copyOf(queue, size));
        }

        /**
         * Snapshot iterator that works off copy of underlying q array.
         */
        private class Itr implements Iterator<Runnable> {
            final RunnableScheduledFuture[] array;
            int cursor = 0;     // index of next element to return
            int lastRet = -1;   // index of last element, or -1 if no such

            Itr(RunnableScheduledFuture[] array) {
                this.array = array;
            }

            public boolean hasNext() {
                return cursor < array.length;
            }

            public Runnable next() {
                if (cursor >= array.length)
                    throw new NoSuchElementException();
                lastRet = cursor;
                return array[cursor++];
            }

            public void remove() {
                if (lastRet < 0)
                    throw new IllegalStateException();
                DelayedWorkQueue.this.remove(array[lastRet]);
                lastRet = -1;
            }
        }
    }
}

0. ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor简介

计时版的线程池，可以接收用户提交的任务并延时执行或者周期执行，用于替换老版本的Timer

1. 接口分析

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor的继承关系如下图所示

2. ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor原理概述

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor继承于ThreadPoolExecutor，复用了父类的许多方法，自己也实现了两个关键的内部类：

ScheduledFutureTask：描述收到的定时任务的状态，包括任务第一次运行的延时时间与执行周期

DelayedWorkQueue：与之前介绍过的DelayQueue相似，队列中的元素只有在预设的超时时间到达后才能出队

3. ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.scheudle方法分析

schedule方法的效果是简单的将提交的任务延时一段时间后执行

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public ScheduledFuture<?> schedule(Runnable command,
                                       long delay,
                                       TimeUnit unit) {
        if (command == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        RunnableScheduledFuture<?> t = decorateTask(command,
            new ScheduledFutureTask<Void>(command, null,
                                          triggerTime(delay, unit)));//计算提交的任务的执行时间
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the trigger time of a delayed action.
     */
    private long triggerTime(long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
        return triggerTime(unit.toNanos((delay < 0) ? 0 : delay));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the trigger time of a delayed action.
     */
    long triggerTime(long delay) {
        return now() +
            ((delay < (Long.MAX_VALUE >> 1)) ? delay : overflowFree(delay));
    }

    /**
     * Constrains the values of all delays in the queue to be within
     * Long.MAX_VALUE of each other, to avoid overflow in compareTo.
     * This may occur if a task is eligible to be dequeued, but has
     * not yet been, while some other task is added with a delay of
     * Long.MAX_VALUE.
     */
    private long overflowFree(long delay) {
        Delayed head = (Delayed) super.getQueue().peek();
        if (head != null) {
            long headDelay = head.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
            if (headDelay < 0 && (delay - headDelay < 0))
                delay = Long.MAX_VALUE + headDelay;
        }
        return delay;
    }


    /**
     * Main execution method for delayed or periodic tasks.  If pool
     * is shut down, rejects the task. Otherwise adds task to queue
     * and starts a thread, if necessary, to run it.  (We cannot
     * prestart the thread to run the task because the task (probably)
     * shouldn't be run yet,) If the pool is shut down while the task
     * is being added, cancel and remove it if required by state and
     * run-after-shutdown parameters.
     *
     * @param task the task
     */
    private void delayedExecute(RunnableScheduledFuture<?> task) {
        if (isShutdown())//如果线程池已经关闭，拒绝执行提交的任务
            reject(task);
        else {
            super.getQueue().add(task);//向任务队列中提交任务
            if (isShutdown() &&
                !canRunInCurrentRunState(task.isPeriodic()) &&
                remove(task))
                task.cancel(false);
            else
                ensurePrestart();//确保线程池中有工作线程可以执行提交的任务
        }
    }

    /**
     * Same as prestartCoreThread except arranges that at least one
     * thread is started even if corePoolSize is 0.
     */
    void ensurePrestart() {
        int wc = workerCountOf(ctl.get());
        if (wc < corePoolSize)
            addWorker(null, true);
        else if (wc == 0)
            addWorker(null, false);
    }

可以看到定时任务被提交后，会被包装成ScheduledFutureTask，然后放入workQueue中，由于workQueue是经过特殊设计的DelayedWorkQueue，所以只有在任务到期后才会被工作线程从workQueue中取出并执行。这样就实现了最简单的任务延时执行的语义。

4. ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.scheduleAtFixedRate与scheduleWithFixedDelay方法解析

scheduleAtFixedRate是指任务会以特定的频率执行（任务连续两次执行的开始时间之差为定值）

scheduleWithFixedDelay是指任务会以特定的延时执行（任务上一次执行结束与下一次执行开始时间之差为定值）

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException   {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleAtFixedRate(Runnable command,
                                                  long initialDelay,
                                                  long period,
                                                  TimeUnit unit) {
        if (command == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (period <= 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        ScheduledFutureTask<Void> sft =
            new ScheduledFutureTask<Void>(command,
                                          null,
                                          triggerTime(initialDelay, unit),
                                          unit.toNanos(period));//period为正数
        RunnableScheduledFuture<Void> t = decorateTask(command, sft);
        sft.outerTask = t;
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException   {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleWithFixedDelay(Runnable command,
                                                     long initialDelay,
                                                     long delay,
                                                     TimeUnit unit) {
        if (command == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (delay <= 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        ScheduledFutureTask<Void> sft =
            new ScheduledFutureTask<Void>(command,
                                          null,
                                          triggerTime(initialDelay, unit),
                                          unit.toNanos(-delay));//period为负数
        RunnableScheduledFuture<Void> t = decorateTask(command, sft);
        sft.outerTask = t;
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

这两个方法差别仅仅在于输入的任务在被包装为ScheduledFutureTask时，其period被设置为正数或者负数的区别。

那么定时延时执行与定时周期执行的语义是在哪里实现的呢？请见ScheduledFutureTask.run方法

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.ScheduledFutureTask.run()
        /**
         * Overrides FutureTask version so as to reset/requeue if periodic.
         */
        public void run() {
            boolean periodic = isPeriodic();//如果ScheduledFutureTask.period属性被设置，periodic为true
            if (!canRunInCurrentRunState(periodic))
                cancel(false);
            else if (!periodic)//如果是非周期方法，直接执行
                ScheduledFutureTask.super.run();
            else if (ScheduledFutureTask.super.runAndReset()) {//如果是周期方法
                setNextRunTime();//设置下次运行时间，fixedRate与fixedDelay的区别就在这里
                reExecutePeriodic(outerTask);//更新了下次运行时间的定时任务重新入队
            }
        }

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.ScheduledFutureTask.setNextRunTime()
        /**
         * Sets the next time to run for a periodic task.
         */
        private void setNextRunTime() {
            long p = period;
            if (p > 0)//period>0，说明是fixedRate，下一次的执行时间=上一次的执行时间+延时
                time += p;
            else
                time = triggerTime(-p);//period<0，说明是fixedDelay，下一次的执行时间=当前时间+延时
        }

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.triggerTime()
    /**
     * Returns the trigger time of a delayed action.
     */
    long triggerTime(long delay) {
        return now() +
            ((delay < (Long.MAX_VALUE >> 1)) ? delay : overflowFree(delay));
    }

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.reExecutePeriodic()
    /**
     * Requeues a periodic task unless current run state precludes it.
     * Same idea as delayedExecute except drops task rather than rejecting.
     *
     * @param task the task
     */
    void reExecutePeriodic(RunnableScheduledFuture<?> task) {
        if (canRunInCurrentRunState(true)) {
            super.getQueue().add(task);//任务重新入队
            if (!canRunInCurrentRunState(true) && remove(task))
                task.cancel(false);
            else
                ensurePrestart();
        }
    }

逻辑不复杂，直接跟代码就能理解

主要就是更新定时任务的下一次执行时间，以及将任务重新入队，从而实现任务周期性执行的语义