short tandem repeat loci (microsatellites)：Loci consisting of short sequences (2–6 nucleotides) that are repeated multiple times. Alleles at short tandem repeat loci differ from one another in their number of repeats.
Genetic drift：The random fluctuations in allele frequencies over time that are due to chance alone.
Variance：A measure of the amount of variation around a mean value.
Diversifying selection：Selection in which different alleles are favoured in different populations. It is often a consequence of local adaptation (in which genotypes from different populations have higher fitness in their home environments owing to historical natural selection)
Hardy–Weinberg proportions:When the frequency of each diploid genotype at a locus equals that expected from the random union of alleles. That is, the genotypes AA, Aa and aa will be at frequencies p2, 2pq and q2, respectively.
Heterozygote advantage:A pattern of natural selection in which heterozygotes are more likely to survive than homozygote
locally adapted:Populations that have higher fitness in their native sites than elsewhere are considered locally adapted
Diversifying selection(disruptive selection):a type of selection where two or more extreme phenotypic values are favoured simultaneously.This type of selection will often increase variability, and diversifying selection has, therefore, in the molecular evolution literature recently been used more generically to describe any type of selection that increases variability
neutrality test:A statistical method aimed at rejecting a model of neutral evolution is called a neutrality test.
SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism
Balancing selection: selection that increases variability within a population
Positive selection:selection acting upon new advantageous mutations
Negative selection: selection acting upon new deleterious mutation
Frequency spectrum: the allelic sample distribution in independent nucleotide sites
LD: linkage disequilibrium
Variance（方差）：A measure of the amount of variation around a mean value
Genetic drift：The random fluctuations in allele frequencies over time that are due to chance alone.
Selective sweep:the process by which a new advantageous mutation eliminates or reduces variation in linked neutral sites as it increases in frequency in the population
EHH：EHH at a distance x from the core region is defined as the probability that two randomly chosen chromosomes carrying a tested core haplotype are homozygous at all SNPs for the entire interval from the core region to the distance x. EHH is on a scale of 0 (no homozygosity, all extended haplotypes are different) to 1 (complete homozygosity, all extended haplotypes are the same). Relative EHH is the ratio of the EHH on the tested core haplotype compared with the EHH of the grouped set of core haplotypes at the region not including the core haplotype tested. Relative EHH is therefore on a scale of 0 to infinity.
PBS(population branch statistic):A population’s PBS value represents the amount of allele frequency change at a given locus in the history of this population (since its divergence from the other two populations)This approach is similar to the “locus-specific branch lengths” statistic used by Shriver et al. (S7), except that by using the above log-transformation, we obtain additive distances that place branches of different magnitudes on the same scale. This statistic should be very powerful to detect selection. It should have power, for example to detect incomplete selective sweeps, a type of selection that is highly relevant here and which most other statistics based on the SFS have little power to detect.
Fitness：The contribution of the genes of an individual to the next generation, usually approximated through measuring survival and reproductive success.
convergent evolution ：causative genetic variants arose independently in geographically diverse populations owing to strong selective pressure for an adaptive phenotype