shell 中的$0 $1 $* $@ $# $$ $? $() $(())

https://www.cnblogs.com/kaishirenshi/p/10254085.html

$0: 脚本本身文件名称
$1: 命令行第一个参数，$2为第二个，以此类推
$*: 所有参数列表
$@: 所有参数列表
$#: 参数个数
$$: 脚本运行时的PID
$?: 脚本退出码

∗与@的区别

当命令行为test.sh 1 2 3
"$*“表示"1 2 3”
"$@“表示"1” “2” “3”
二者没有被引号括起来时是一样的都为"1 2 3"，只有当被引号括起来后才表现出差异

$()  等同于： ··（反引号）：运行一段命令
$(()) 进行数字运算 

# a=3;b=2;c=5
# echo $((a+b*c))

https://www.cnblogs.com/sidesky/p/10679427.html

shell编程——if语句 if -z -n -f -eq -ne -lt

 

if  条件
then
 Command
else
 Command
fi                              别忘了这个结尾

If语句忘了结尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi

    if 的三种条件表达式

if command then if  函数 then	命令执行成功，等于返回0 （比如grep ,找到匹配） 执行失败，返回非0 （grep,没找到匹配）
if [ expression_r_r_r  ] then	表达式结果为真，则返回0，if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r then	表达式结果为假，则返回非0，if把非0值引向then

      
   [ ] &&  ——快捷if

[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"

   && 可以理解为then
    如果左边的表达式为真则执行右边的语句

 

    shell的if与c语言if的功能上的区别

shell if	c语言if
0为真，走then	正好相反，非0走then
不支持整数变量直接if 必须:if [ i –ne 0 ] 但支持字符串变量直接if if [ str ] 如果字符串非0	支持变量直接if if (i )

 
=================================以command作为if 条件===================================
  
    以多条command或者函数作为if 条件

echo –n “input:”
read user

if
多条指令,这些命令之间相当于“and”（与）
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null      
who -u | grep $user
then             上边的指令都执行成功,返回值$?为0，0为真，运行then
 echo "$user has logged"
else     指令执行失败，$?为1，运行else                            
 echo "$user has not logged"
fi   

# sh test.sh
input : macg
macg     pts/0        May 15 15:55   .          2075 (192.168.1.100)
macg has logged
   
# sh test.sh
input : ddd
ddd has not logged  

    以函数作为if条件  (函数就相当于command,函数的优点是其return值可以自定义)

if
以函数作为if条件，
getyn
then   函数reture值0为真，走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else  函数return值非0为假，走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi  

   if command  等价于 command+if $?

$ vi testsh.sh #!/bin/sh if cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1 then echo found else echo "no found" fi	$ vi testsh.sh #!/bin/sh cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1 if [ $? -eq 0 ] then echo $? echo found else echo $? echo "no found" fi
$ sh testsh.sh no found	$ sh testsh.sh 1 no found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt that is 222file thisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.sh thisting1 is 111file found	$ vi 111-tmp.txt that is 222file thisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.sh thisting1 is 111file 0 found

   
========================================以条件表达式作为 if条件=============================

    传统if 从句子——以条件表达式作为 if条件
if [ 条件表达式 ]
then
 command
 command
 command
else
 command
 command
fi
   
   条件表达式

• 文件表达式

if [ -f  file ]    如果文件存在
if [ -d ...   ]    如果目录存在
if [ -s file  ]    如果文件存在且非空 
if [ -r file  ]    如果文件存在且可读
if [ -w file  ]    如果文件存在且可写
if [ -x file  ]    如果文件存在且可执行   

• 整数变量表达式

if [ int1 -eq int2 ]    如果int1等于int2   
if [ int1 -ne int2 ]    如果不等于    
if [ int1 -ge int2 ]       如果>=
if [ int1 -gt int2 ]       如果>
if [ int1 -le int2 ]       如果<=
if [ int1 -lt int2 ]       如果<
   

•    字符串变量表达式

If  [ $a = $b ]                 如果string1等于string2
                                字符串允许使用赋值号做等号
if  [ $string1 !=  $string2 ]   如果string1不等于string2       
if  [ -n $string  ]             如果string 非空(非0），返回0(true)  
if  [ -z $string  ]             如果string 为空
if  [ $sting ]                  如果string 非空，返回0 (和-n类似)    


    条件表达式引用变量要带$

if [ a = b ] ;then    
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
no equal  （等于表达式没比较$a和$b,而是比较和a和b,自然a!=b)

改正：

if [ $a = $b ] ;then       
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
equal

                                                                                   
  -eq  -ne  -lt  -nt只能用于整数，不适用于字符串，字符串等于用赋值号=

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if  [ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
                       期望整数形式，即-eq不支持字符串

    =放在别的地方是赋值,放在if [ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面没有==的,那是c语言的等于


   无空格的字符串，可以加" ",也可以不加

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
input is 123
equal123 

    = 作为等于时，其两边都必须加空格，否则失效
等号也是操作符，必须和其他变量，关键字，用空格格开 (等号做赋值号时正好相反，两边不能有空格）

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:" read var if [ $var="yes" ] then echo $var echo "input is correct" else echo $var echo "input error" fi	[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:" read var if [ $var = "yes" ]   在等号两边加空格 then echo $var echo "input is correct" else echo $var echo "input error" fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: y y input is correct [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: n     n input is correct  输错了也走then,都走then,为什么? 因为if把$var="yes"连读成一个变量，而此变量为空，返回1，则走else	[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: y y input error [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: no                        no input error 一切正常

    If  [  $ANS  ]     等价于  if [ -n $ANS ]
      如果字符串变量非空（then） , 空(else)

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi 

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:                       回车
                                                
empth                                    说明“回车”就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty 

 
    整数条件表达式，大于，小于，shell里没有> 和< ,会被当作尖括号，只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input a:"
read a
if  [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit

 整数操作符号-ge,-gt,-le,-lt, 别忘了加-

if  test $a  ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected

if  test $a -ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit

============================逻辑表达式=========================================

    逻辑非 !                   条件表达式的相反
if [ ! 表达式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ]                        如果不存在目录$num


    逻辑与 –a                    条件表达式的并列
if [ 表达式1  –a  表达式2 ]


    逻辑或 -o                    条件表达式的或
if [ 表达式1  –o 表达式2 ]

   
   逻辑表达式

•     表达式与前面的=  != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用

•     逻辑符号就正常的接其他表达式，没有任何括号（ ），就是并列

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]

•     注意逻辑与-a与逻辑或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的运算符号搞混了

  最常见的赋值形式，赋值前对=两边的变量都进行评测
左边测变量是否为空，右边测目录(值)是否存在（值是否有效）

[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
:
echo "input the num:"
read num
echo "input is $num"

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]   如果变量$JHHOME为空，且$HOME/$num目录存在
then
JHHOME=$HOME/$num                      则赋值
fi

echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"  

-----------------------
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is

目录-d $HOME/$num   不存在，所以$JHHOME没被then赋值

[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp

    一个-o的例子，其中却揭示了”=”必须两边留空格的问题

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
y
为什么输入不是yes,结果仍是y(走then）
因为=被连读了，成了变量$ANS="Yes"，而变量又为空，所以走else了

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS    echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
n
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y

===================以  test 条件表达式 作为if条件===================================

    if test $num -eq 0      等价于   if [ $num –eq 0 ]

    test  表达式,没有 [  ]
if test $num -eq 0                
then
echo "try again"
else
echo "good"
fi

    man test

[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1)                             User Commands                            [(1)

SYNOPSIS
       test EXPRESSION
       [ EXPRESSION ]


       [-n] STRING
              the length of STRING is nonzero          -n和直接$str都是非0条件

       -z STRING
              the length of STRING is zero

       STRING1 = STRING2
              the strings are equal

       STRING1 != STRING2
              the strings are not equal

       INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2

       FILE1 -nt FILE2
              FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2

       FILE1 -ot FILE2
              FILE1 is older than FILE2

       -b FILE
              FILE exists and is block special

       -c FILE
              FILE exists and is character special

       -d FILE
              FILE exists and is a directory

       -e FILE
              FILE exists                                 文件存在

       -f FILE
              FILE exists and is a regular file     文件存在且是普通文件

       -h FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)

       -L FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)

       -G FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID

       -O FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID

       -p FILE
              FILE exists and is a named pipe


       -s FILE
              FILE exists and has a size greater than zero

       -S FILE
              FILE exists and is a socket

       -w FILE
              FILE exists and is writable

       -x FILE
FILE exists and is executable
 

======================if简化语句=================================

    最常用的简化if语句

   && 如果是“前面”，则“后面”
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid    检查 文件是否存在，如果存在就删掉

   ||   如果不是“前面”，则后面
[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0    检验文件是否存在，如果存在就退出

 
    用简化 if 和$1,$2,$3来检测参数，不合理就调用help
[ -z "$1" ] && help                 如果第一个参数不存在（-z  字符串长度为0 ）
[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help                        如果第一个参数是-h,就显示help


例子
#!/bin/sh

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1