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  • nginx的资源分离及rewrite重写

    一、动静分离

    1.单台动静分离

    [root@web01 ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.blog.com.conf 
    server {
    	listen 80;
    	server_name linux.blog.com;
    	root /code/wordpress;
    
    	location / {
    		index index.php;
    	}
    
    	location ~* .(jpg|png)$ {
    		root /code/wordpress;
    	}
    
    	location ~* .php$ {
    		fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
    		fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    		include fastcgi_params;
    	}
    }
    

    2.多台机器动静分离

    [root@lb01 ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.djfenli.com.conf 
    upstream jt {
    	server 172.16.1.7:80;
    	server 172.16.1.8:80;
    }
    
    upstream dt {
        server 172.16.1.9:8080;
    }
    
    server {
    	listen 80;
    	server_name linux.djfenli.com;
    
    	location ~* .(gif|png|jpg)$ {
    		proxy_pass http://jt;
    		include proxy_params;
    	}
    
    	location ~* .jsp$ {
    		proxy_pass http://dt;
    		include proxy_params;
    	}	
    }
    

    3.合并动静数据页面

    1)配置负载均衡nginx

    [root@lb01 ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.djfenli.com.conf 
    upstream jt {
    	server 172.16.1.7:80;
    }
    
    upstream dt {
        server 172.16.1.9:8080;
    }
    
    server {
    	listen 80;
    	server_name linux.djfenli.com;
    	root /code/dj;
    	index index.html;
    
    	location ~* .gif$ {
    		proxy_pass http://jt;
    		include proxy_params;
    	}
    
    	location ~* .jsp$ {
    		proxy_pass http://dt;
    		include proxy_params;
    	}	
    }
    

    2)配置站点目录

    [root@lb01 ~]# mkdir /code/dj
    [root@lb01 ~]# cat /code/dj/index.html 
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
            <meta charset="UTF-8" />
            <title>测试ajax和跨域访问</title>
            <script src="http://libs.baidu.com/jquery/2.1.4/jquery.min.js"></script>
    </head>
    <script type="text/javascript">
    $(document).ready(function(){
            $.ajax({
            type: "GET",
            url: "http://linux.djfenli.com/java_test.jsp",
            success: function(data){
                    $("#get_data").html(data)
            },
            error: function() {
                    alert("哎呦喂,失败了,回去检查你服务去~");
            }
            });
    });
    </script>
            <body>
                    <h1>测试动静分离</h1>
                    <img src="http://linux.djfenli.com/1.gif">
                    <div id="get_data"></div>
            </body>
    </html>
    

    3)重启访问

    [root@lb01 ~]# systemctl restart nginx
    
    #关闭静态资源或者动态资源,互不影响
    

    二、nginx资源分离

    1.资源分离

    Nginx通过负载均衡实现手机与PC调度至不通的后端节点应用案例
    

    2.服务器准备

    主机 IP 资源 端口
    lb01 10.0.0.4 负载均衡 80
    web01 172.16.1.7 Android的页面 8081
    web01 172.16.1.7 iphone的页面 8082
    web01 172.16.1.7 pc的页面 8083

    3.配置web服务器

    [root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.ziyuan.com.conf
    [root@web01 ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.ziyuan.com.conf
    server {
    	listen 8081;
    	server_name linux.ziyuan.com;
    
    	location / {
    		root /code/android;
    		index index.html;
    	}
    }
    server {
        listen 8082;
        server_name linux.ziyuan.com;
    
        location / {
            root /code/iphone;
            index index.html;
        }
    }
    server {
        listen 8083;
        server_name linux.ziyuan.com;
    
        location / {
            root /code/pc;
            index index.html;
        }
    }
    
    [root@web01 ~]# systemctl restart nginx
    

    4.配置站点目录

    [root@web01 ~]# mkdir /code/{android,iphone,pc}
    [root@web01 ~]# echo "我是pc" > /code/pc/index.html
    [root@web01 ~]# echo "我是iphone" > /code/iphone/index.html
    [root@web01 ~]# echo "我是android" > /code/android/index.html
    [root@web01 ~]# chown -R nginx.nginx /code/
    

    5.配置负载均衡

    [root@lb01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.ziyuan.com.conf
    upstream Android {
        server 172.16.1.7:8081;
        server 172.16.1.8:8081;
    }
    
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name linux.ziyuan.com;
    
        location / {
            if ($http_user_agent ~* "Windows") {
                proxy_pass http://172.16.1.7:8083;
            }
    
            if ($http_user_agent ~* "iPhone") {
                proxy_pass http://172.16.1.7:8082;
            }
    
            if ($http_user_agent ~* "Android") {
                proxy_pass http://Android;
            }
            
            return 500;
        }
    }
    

    6.配置host访问测试

    10.0.0.4 linux.ziyuan.com
    

    三、nginx的Rewrite重写

    1.什么是rewrite

    Rewrite主要实现url地址重写,以及重定向,就是把传入`web`的请求重定向到其他`url`的过程。
    

    2.Rewrite使用场景

    1.地址跳转,用户访问www.baidu.com这个URL时,将其定向至一个新的域名mobile.baidu.com
    2.协议跳转,用户通过http协议请求网站时,将其重新跳转至https协议方式
    3.伪静态,将动态页面显示为静态页面方式的一种技术,便于搜索引擎的录入,同时建上动态URL地址对外暴露过多的参数,提升更高的安全性。
    4.搜索引擎,SEO优化依赖于url路径,好记的url便于智齿搜索引擎录入
    

    3.rewrite语法

    Syntax:	rewrite regex replacement [flag];
    Default:	—
    Context:	server, location, if
    
    rewrite			#调用模块
    regex 			#请求的链接(可以使用正则表达式)
    replacement 	#跳转的链接
    [flag];			#标签
    
    #示例
    server {
        ...
        rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 last;
        rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra  last;
        ...
    }
    

    4.rewrite的flag标记

    rewrite指令根据表达式来重定向URL,或者修改字符串,可以应用于server,location,if环境下,每行rewrite指令最后跟一个flag标记,支持的flag标记有如下表格所示:
    
    flag 作用
    last 本条规则匹配完成后,停止匹配,不再匹配后面的规则
    break 本条规则匹配完成后,停止匹配,不再匹配后面的规则
    redirect 返回302临时重定向,地址栏会显示跳转后的地址
    permanent 返回301永久重定向,地址栏会显示跳转后的地址

    5.last和break的区别

    1)配置nginx

    [root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.rewrite.com.conf
    server {
            listen 80;
            server_name linux.rewrite.com;
            root /code;
    
            location ~ ^/break {
                    rewrite ^/break /test/ break;
            }
            location ~ ^/last {
                    rewrite ^/last /test/ last;
            }
            location /test/ {
                    default_type application/json;
                    return 200 "ok";
            }
    }
    

    2)重启

    [root@web01 ~]# nginx -t
    [root@web01 ~]# systemctl restart nginx
    

    3)配置hosts测试

    10.0.0.7 linux.rewrite.com
    
    #结果
    1.访问 linux.rewrite.com/break,返回结果404
    2.访问 linux.rewrite.com/last,返回结果ok
    

    4)结论

    break只要匹配到规则,则会去本地配置路径的目录中寻找请求的文件;
    而last只要匹配到规则,会对其所在的server(...)标签重新发起请求。
    
    break请求:
        1.请求 linux.rewrite.com/break
        2.匹配 location ~ ^/break 会跳转请求 到 linux.rewrite.com/test
        3.请求跳转后,会去查找本地的站点目录下的 test/index.html;
        4.如果找到了,则返回站点目录下的 test/index.html的内容;
        5.如果没找到该目录则报错404,如果找到该目录没找到对应的文件则403
    
    last请求:
        1.请求 rewrite.drz.com/last
        2.匹配 location ~ ^/last 会跳转请求 到 linux.rewrite.com/test
        2.请求跳转后,会去查找本地的站点目录下的 test/index.html;
        3.如果找到了,则返回站点目录下的 test/index.html的内容;
        4.如果没找到,会对当前server重新的发起一次请求,linux.rewrite.com/test/
        5.如果有location匹配上,则直接返回该location的内容。
        4.如果也没有location匹配,再返回404;
    

    6.redirect和permanent的区别

    1)配置nginx

    [root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.rw.com.conf
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name linux.rw.com;
        root /code;
    
        location /test {
            #rewrite ^(.*)$  https://www.baidu.com redirect;
            #rewrite ^(.*)$  https://www.baidu.com permanent;
            #return 301 https://www.baidu.com;
            return 302 https://www.baidu.com;
        }
    }
    

    2)配置hosts测试

    #配置redirect时
    	关闭nginx之后访问失败
    #配置permanent时
    	关闭nginx仍然访问成功
    	
    #结论:
    redirect,每次访问服务器都会进行询问,是否进行跳转
    permanent,记录一次跳转,以后都不会询问,直接跳转页面,除非清空缓存
    

    四、rewrite实践

    1.案例一:用户访问/abc/1.html实际上真实访问的是/ccc/bbb/2.html

    1)创建页面

    [root@web01 ~]# mkdir /code/ccc/bbb/ -p
    [root@web01 ~]# echo "/ccc/bbb/2.html" > /code/ccc/bbb/2.html
    

    2)配置nginx

    [root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/rw.conf
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name nginx.rewrite.com;
        root /code;
    
        location ~* /abc {
            rewrite ^(.*)$ /ccc/bbb/2.html redirect;
        }
    }
    

    2.案例二:用户访问/2018/ccc/bbb/2.html实际上真实访问的是/2014/bbb/ccc/2.html

    [root@web01 ~]# mkdir /code/2014/bbb/ccc/ -p
    [root@web01 ~]# echo "/2014/bbb/ccc/2.html" > /code/2014/bbb/ccc/2.html
    
    #配置nginx
    [root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/rw.conf
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name nginx.rewrite.com;
        root /code;
    
        location ~* ^/2018 {
            rewrite ^/2018/(.*)/(.*)/(.*) /2014/$2/$1/$3 redirect;
        }
    }
    

    3.案例三:用户访问course-11-22-33.html实际上真实访问的是/course/11/22/33/course_33.html

    [root@web01 ~]# mkdir /code/course/11/22/33/ -p
    [root@web01 ~]# echo "/course/11/22/33/course_33.html" >/code/course/11/22/33/course_33.html
    
    #配置
    [root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/rw.conf
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name nginx.rewrite.com;
        root /code;
    
        location ~* ^/course {
            #灵活配法
            rewrite ^/(.*)-(.*)-(.*)-(.*).html$ /$1/$2/$3/$4/$1_$4.html redirect;
            #固定配法
            #rewrite ^/course-(.*) /course/11/22/33/course_33.html redirect;
        }
    }
    

    4.案例四:将http请求跳转到https

    #Nginx跳转配置
    server {
            listen 80;
            server_name www.baidu.com;
            rewrite ^(.*) https://$server_name$1 redirect;
            #return 302 https://$server_name$request_uri;
    }       
    
    server {
            listen 443;
            server_name www.baidu.com;
            ssl on;
    }
    
    浏览器输入:baidu.com
    浏览器转换:http://www.baidu.com/index.html
    server层转换,rewrite跳转:https://www.baidu.com/index.html
    

    五、rewrite实现伪静态

    1.搭建discuz论坛

    1)创建站点目录

    [root@web01 /code]# mkdir discuz
    [root@web01 /code]# unzip Discuz_X3.3_SC_GBK.zip -d /code/discuz/
    #授权
    [root@web01 /code]# chown -R www.www /code/discuz/
    

    2)配置nginx配置文件

    [root@web01 /code]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.discuz.com.conf
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name linux.discuz.com;
        root /code/discuz/upload;
    
        location / {
            index index.php index.html;
        }
    
        location ~ .php$ {
            fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
            fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
            include fastcgi_params;
        }
    }
    

    3)重启访问

    [root@web01 /code]# nginx -t
    [root@web01 /code]# systemctl restart nginx
    
    #配置hosts
    10.0.0.7 nginx.rewrite.com linux.discuz.com
    

    4)创建数据库

    [root@db01 ~]# mysql -uroot -pLinhd@123
    
    MariaDB [(none)]> create database discuz;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    MariaDB [(none)]> grant all on discuz.* to discuz@'172.16.1.%' identified by '123456';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    

    5)配置伪静态

    [root@web01 /code]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.discuz.com.conf
    server {
    	listen 80;
    	server_name linux.discuz.com;
    	root /code/discuz/upload;
    
        location / {
            index index.php index.html;
        }
    	rewrite ^([^.]*)/topic-(.+).html$ $1/portal.php?mod=topic&topic=$2 last;
    	rewrite ^([^.]*)/article-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/portal.php?mod=view&aid=$2&page=$3 last;
    	rewrite ^([^.]*)/forum-(w+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=$2&page=$3 last;
    	rewrite ^([^.]*)/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=$2&extra=page%3D$4&page=$3 last;
    	rewrite ^([^.]*)/group-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=group&fid=$2&page=$3 last;
    	rewrite ^([^.]*)/space-(username|uid)-(.+).html$ $1/home.php?mod=space&$2=$3 last;
    	rewrite ^([^.]*)/blog-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/home.php?mod=space&uid=$2&do=blog&id=$3 last;
    	rewrite ^([^.]*)/(fid|tid)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/archiver/index.php?action=$2&value=$3 last;
    	rewrite ^([^.]*)/([a-z]+[a-z0-9_]*)-([a-z0-9_-]+).html$ $1/plugin.php?id=$2:$3 last;
    	if (!-e $request_filename) {
    		return 404;
    	}
    
        location ~ .php$ {
            fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
            fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
            include fastcgi_params;
    	}
    }
    
    rewrite ^([^.]*)/forum-(w+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=$2&page=$3 last;
    
    http://linux.discuz.com/forum-2-1.html
    http://linux.discuz.com/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=2&page=1
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaolang666/p/13607488.html
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