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  • Python 源码剖析(二)【整数对象】

    二、整数对象

    1、PyIntObject

    2、PyIntObject 对象的创建和维护

    3、Hack PyIntObject


    1、PyIntObject

    PyIntObject的定义:

    [intobject.h]

    typedef struct {

        PyObject_HEAD

        long ob_ival;

    } PyIntObject;

    其类型对象为PyInt_Type:

    [intobject.c]

    PyTypeObject PyInt_Type = {

        PyObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type)

        0,

        "int",

        sizeof(PyIntObject),

        0,

        (destructor)int_dealloc,        /* tp_dealloc */

        (printfunc)int_print,           /* tp_print */

        0,                  /* tp_getattr */

        0,                  /* tp_setattr */

        (cmpfunc)int_compare,           /* tp_compare */

        (reprfunc)int_repr,         /* tp_repr */

        &int_as_number,             /* tp_as_number */

        0,                  /* tp_as_sequence */

        0,                  /* tp_as_mapping */

        (hashfunc)int_hash,         /* tp_hash */

        0,                  /* tp_call */

        (reprfunc)int_repr,         /* tp_str */

        PyObject_GenericGetAttr,        /* tp_getattro */

        0,                  /* tp_setattro */

        0,                  /* tp_as_buffer */

        Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags */

        int_doc,                /* tp_doc */

        0,                  /* tp_traverse */

        0,                  /* tp_clear */

        0,                  /* tp_richcompare */

        0,                  /* tp_weaklistoffset */

        0,                  /* tp_iter */

        0,                  /* tp_iternext */

        int_methods,        /* tp_methods */

        0,                  /* tp_members */

        0,                  /* tp_getset */

        0,                  /* tp_base */

        0,                  /* tp_dict */

        0,                  /* tp_descr_get */

        0,                  /* tp_descr_set */

        0,                  /* tp_dictoffset */

        0,                  /* tp_init */

        0,                  /* tp_alloc */

        int_new,                /* tp_new */

        (freefunc)int_free,                 /* tp_free */

    };

    可见PyInt_Type保存着PyIntObject的元信息,包括这些操作:

    int_dealloc

    删除PyIntObject对象

    int_free

    删除PyIntObject对象

    int_repr

    转化成PyString对象

    int_hash

    获得HASH值

    int_print

    打印PyIntObject对象

    int_compare

    比较操作

    int_as_number

    数值操作

    int_methods

    成员函数

    比较操作代码,其实就是将包装的long进行比较:

     [intobject.c]

    static int int_compare(PyIntObject *v, PyIntObject *w)

    {

        register long i = v->ob_ival;

        register long j = w->ob_ival;

        return (i < j) ? -1 : (i > j) ? 1 : 0;

    }

    注意int_as_number,其实是一个PyNumberMethods结构体:

    [intobject.c]

    static PyNumberMethods int_as_number = {

        (binaryfunc)int_add,    /*nb_add*/

        (binaryfunc)int_sub,    /*nb_subtract*/

        (binaryfunc)int_mul,    /*nb_multiply*/

        ……

        (binaryfunc)int_div,    /* nb_floor_divide */

        int_true_divide,    /* nb_true_divide */

        0,          /* nb_inplace_floor_divide */

        0,          /* nb_inplace_true_divide */

    };

    PyNumberMethods定义了38个数值操作,如加法:

     [intobject.h]

    /* Macro, trading safety for speed */

    #define PyInt_AS_LONG(op) (((PyIntObject *)(op))->ob_ival)

     

    [intobject.c]

    #define CONVERT_TO_LONG(obj, lng)      

        if (PyInt_Check(obj)) {        

            lng = PyInt_AS_LONG(obj);  

        }                  

        else {                 

            Py_INCREF(Py_NotImplemented);  

            return Py_NotImplemented;  

        }

     

    static PyObject *

    int_add(PyIntObject *v, PyIntObject *w)

    {

        register long a, b, x;

        CONVERT_TO_LONG(v, a);

        CONVERT_TO_LONG(w, b);

        x = a + b;

        if ((x^a) >= 0 || (x^b) >= 0)

            return PyInt_FromLong(x);

        return PyLong_Type.tp_as_number->nb_add((PyObject *)v, (PyObject *)w);

    }

    如果没有溢出,就返回一个新的PyIntObject,否则返回一个PyLongObject。


    2、PyIntObject 对象的创建和维护

    2.1、Python创建的途径

    有三种途径可获得一个PyIntObject对象:

      PyObject *PyInt_FromLong(long ival)
      PyObject* PyInt_FromString(char *s, char **pend, int base)
    #ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
    PyObject*PyInt_FromUnicode(Py_UNICODE *s, int length, int base)
    #endif

    其中PyInt_FromString时先转成浮点数再调用PyInt_FromLong:

    [intobject.c]
    PyObject* PyInt_FromString(char *s, char **pend, int base)
    {
        char *end;
        long x;
        ......
    //convert string to long
    if (base == 0 && s[0] == '0') 
    {
            x = (long) PyOS_strtoul(s, &end, base);
        }
    else
            x = PyOS_strtol(s, &end, base);
        ......
        return PyInt_FromLong(x);
    }

    2.2、小整数对象

    频繁申请、释放空间会降低运行效率、产生系统堆内存碎片,影响python性能。因此对于经常使用的整数,python使用对象池技术,并将小整数(对象池保存范围)定位[-5,100):

    [intobject.c]

    #ifndef NSMALLPOSINTS
    #define NSMALLPOSINTS       100
    #endif
    #ifndef NSMALLNEGINTS
    #define NSMALLNEGINTS       5
    #endif
    #if NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS > 0
    /* References to small integers are saved in this array so that they
       can be shared.
       The integers that are saved are those in the range
       -NSMALLNEGINTS (inclusive) to NSMALLPOSINTS (not inclusive).
    */
    static PyIntObject *small_ints[NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS];
    #endif

    2.3、大整数对象

    对于大整数,pyhton则是使用内存池,提供一个free_list保存,谁需要保存谁:

    [intobject.c]

    #define BLOCK_SIZE  1000    /* 1K less typical malloc overhead */
    #define BHEAD_SIZE  8   /* Enough for a 64-bit pointer */
    #define N_INTOBJECTS    ((BLOCK_SIZE - BHEAD_SIZE) / sizeof(PyIntObject))
    struct _intblock {
        struct _intblock *next;
        PyIntObject objects[N_INTOBJECTS];
    };
    typedef struct _intblock PyIntBlock;
    static PyIntBlock *block_list = NULL;
    static PyIntObject *free_list = NULL;

    PyIntBlock的单向列表通过block_list维护,而这些block中的PyIntObject的列表中可以被使用的内存通过free_list来维护(一个block可放82个PyIntObject)。

    2.4、添加和删除

    看一下产生PyIntObject:

    [intobject.c]
    PyObject* PyInt_FromLong(long ival)
    {
        register PyIntObject *v;
    #if NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS > 0
        if (-NSMALLNEGINTS <= ival && ival < NSMALLPOSINTS) {
            v = small_ints[ival + NSMALLNEGINTS];
            Py_INCREF(v);
    #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
            if (ival >= 0)
                quick_int_allocs++;
            else
                quick_neg_int_allocs++;
    #endif
            return (PyObject *) v;
        }
    #endif
        if (free_list == NULL) {
            if ((free_list = fill_free_list()) == NULL)
                return NULL;
        }
        /* Inline PyObject_New */
        v = free_list;
        free_list = (PyIntObject *)v->ob_type;
        PyObject_INIT(v, &PyInt_Type);
        v->ob_ival = ival;
        return (PyObject *) v;
    }

    先判断是否为小整数,是的话返回对象池中的小整数;否则转向block_list,调用fill_free_list:

    [intobject.c]
    static PyIntObject* fill_free_list(void)
    {
        PyIntObject *p, *q;
        /* Python's object allocator isn't appropriate for large blocks. */
        p = (PyIntObject *) PyMem_MALLOC(sizeof(PyIntBlock));
        if (p == NULL)
            return (PyIntObject *) PyErr_NoMemory();
        ((PyIntBlock *)p)->next = block_list;
        block_list = (PyIntBlock *)p;
        /* Link the int objects together, from rear to front, then return
           the address of the last int object in the block. */
        p = &((PyIntBlock *)p)->objects[0];
        q = p + N_INTOBJECTS;
        while (--q > p)
            q->ob_type = (struct _typeobject *)(q-1);
        q->ob_type = NULL;
        return p + N_INTOBJECTS - 1;
    }

    当一个block没被填满时,不会再调用fill_free_list申请新空间,free_list指向可用空间,block_list指向最新创建的PyIntBlock对象。

    注意,但某个对象被删除时,free_list会指向该空间,不会造成空间浪费:

    [intobject.c]
    static void int_dealloc(PyIntObject *v)
    {
        if (PyInt_CheckExact(v)) {
            v->ob_type = (struct _typeobject *)free_list;
            free_list = v;
        }
        else
            v->ob_type->tp_free((PyObject *)v);
    }

    2.5、小整数对象池的初始化

    小整数对象池small_ints初始化 _PyInt_Init:

    [intobject.c]
    int _PyInt_Init(void)
    {
        PyIntObject *v;
        int ival;
    #if NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS > 0
    for (ival = -NSMALLNEGINTS; ival < NSMALLPOSINTS; ival++) 
    {
            if (!free_list && (free_list = fill_free_list()) == NULL)
                return 0;
            /* PyObject_New is inlined */
            v = free_list;
            free_list = (PyIntObject *)v->ob_type;
            PyObject_INIT(v, &PyInt_Type);
            v->ob_ival = ival;
            small_ints[ival + NSMALLNEGINTS] = v;
        }
    #endif
        return 1;
    }

    3、Hack PyIntObject

    修改int_print源码查看block_list、free_list、小整数缓冲池信息:

    static int int_print(PyIntObject *v, FILE *fp, int flags)

    {

       PyIntObject* intObjectPtr;

       PyIntBlock *p = block_list;

       PyIntBlock *last = NULL;

       int count = 0;

       int i;

     

     

       while(p != NULL)

       {

          ++count;

          last = p;

          p = p->next;

       }

     

     

       intObjectPtr = last->objects;

       intObjectPtr += N_INTOBJECTS - 1;

       printf("address @%p ", v);

       printf("********** value refCount ********** ");

       for(i = 0; i < 10; ++i, --intObjectPtr)

       {

          printf("%d %d ", intObjectPtr->ob_ival, intObjectPtr->ob_refcnt);

       }

     

     

       printf("block_list count : %d ", count);

       printf("free_list : %p ", free_list);

     

     

       return 0;

    }

    有兴趣的可以试一下。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/GO-NO-1/p/6501528.html
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